In any assessment of the potential winners and losers from the political chaos in Syria, the country's Kurdish minority could be among the winners. (Source: persianrealm.com)
While President Bashar al-Assad of Syria is fighting rebels in Damascus and Aleppo, he has given up control in parts of the Kurdish north east.
Kurdish leaders say they now control about 50% of the territory there, and warn they will fight the regime if it tries to retake power.
The fate of this area has implications beyond Syria. Iraq, Iran and Turkey have their own Kurdish populations. With a combined total of about 30 million, they are the world's largest stateless people.
CNN - The Syrian Kurds (CNN, Jan 29th, 2012):
Syrian kurdish opposition congress in iraqi Kurdistan . american cnn tv reports about the syrian kurds the biggest ethnic minority in syria making between 10% - 15% of syrian population. Syria's Kurds make headway amid crisis (AFP, Aug 1, 2012): Syria's Kurds, hostile to a regime that has oppressed them and suspicious of the opposition, are focusing on unity and managing their own region in the face of an uncertain future. In the northern Kurdish town of Jinderes, schools have begun lessons in Kurdish and locals are working toward creating their own administration.(NOTE : To Watch Double Click Here)
Kurds take control in Syria's northeast (Al Jazeera, Aug 12, 2012):
Control of large parts of Syria's north east is now in the hands of the Democratic Union Party - the main Kurdish party in the region. About 2 million Kurds live in the area, making up 10 per cent of the population. There are also significant Kurdish populations in Turkey and Iraq and more in Iran. Control of large parts of Syria's north east is now in the hands of the Democratic Union Party - the main Kurdish party in the region. About 2 million Kurds live in the area, making up 10 per cent of the population. There are also significant Kurdish populations in Turkey and Iraq and more in Iran. In Syria, the Kurds suffered discrimination and loss of culture under the ruling Baathist party since the 1960s. Many were granted citizenship only last year by President Assad, after the uprising started. As Assad's stretched security forces left parts of the north east, Kurdish committees have taken more control. Al Jazeera's Hoda Abdel Hamid is the first international reporter to travel to the region since the uprising began last March.
Kurds divided by Syrian uprising (Al Jazeera,
May 5, 2012):
For centuries, the towns of Turkish Nusaybin and Syrian Qamishli were one, until politics put a border between them.
The governments of both countries have been hard on rebellious Kurdish minorities in the region. Now, with the uprising in Syria, many Kurds see the potential for major political gains.
While some want to play a greater role in the opposition, others believe Kurdish interests are best served by working with the Syrian government.
Al Jazeera's Anita McNaught reports from Nusaybin in southeast Turkey.
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SPECTER OF PARTITION
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Will Syria's Kurds benefit from the crisis? (bbc)
In any assessment of the potential winners and losers from the political chaos in Syria, the country's Kurdish minority could be among the winners.
The Kurds make up a little over 10% of the population. Long marginalised by the Alawite-dominated government, they are largely concentrated in north-eastern Syria, up towards the Turkish border.
Aaron David Miller, a distinguished scholar at the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington DC, believes that the Kurds could be one of the main beneficiaries of the demise of the regime of President Bashar al-Assad.
"Syria is coming apart, and there's not much chance it will be reassembled with the kind of centralised authority we saw under the Assads."
For the Syrian Kurds, whom he describes as "part of the largest single ethnic grouping in the region that lacks a state", there is "an opportunity to create more autonomy and respect for Kurdish rights".
"They have the motivation, opportunity, and their Kurdish allies in Iraq and Turkey to encourage them. But what will hold them back is Turkey's determination to prevent a mini-statelet in Syria along with the Kurds own internal divisions," he says.
"It is unlikely," he believes, "that Syria's Kurds will be able to establish a separate entity in Syria. Nor will the United States, nor the international community accept that."
"At the same time, the several dimensions of the Kurdish problem - the Iraqi Kurds' growing determination to remain a separate entity; Turkish determination to avoid another mini-Kurdistan along the Syrian-Iraqi border; and the issue of the PKK, the armed Kurdish insurgents fighting the Turkish Army - will create a real flashpoint."
There in a nutshell is the scale of the problem.
The Kurds' future in Syria will have an important bearing upon what sort of country it is going to become.
Turkish worry
But the fate of the Syrian Kurds also has ramifications well beyond the country's borders. These processes are already under way.
Fawaz Gerges, professor of Middle Eastern Politics at the London School of Economics, told me that "the Syrian Kurds have already seized the moment and are laying the foundation for an autonomous region like their counterparts in Iraq".
"The exit of Assad's forces from the Kurdish areas has complicated the crisis and deepened Turkey's fears that its borders with Iraq and Syria will be volatile for years to come," he says.
"The Kurdish factor in the Syrian crisis will prove to be as significant as the Kurdish question in Iraq."
Prof Ofra Bengio, head of the Kurdish Studies programme at the Moshe Dayan Centre at Tel Aviv University, agrees.
"The Kurdish dimension is likely to become a potent factor in the near future because of the weakening of each of the states in which they live, because co-operation among the states for curbing the Kurds is non-existent, and because the Kurds have made headway in the United States and in the West, where they proved their loyalty and lack of religious extremism.
"In a word, the West might like to support them."
If a Kurdish spectre is stalking the region then it is probably Turkey that has most reason to be worried.
Even as Ankara has watched developments in Syria with unease, its own struggle with guerrilla fighters of the Kurdish PKK has flared up again - Turkey's Foreign Minister Ahmet Davotoglu insisting that the Syrian government is encouraging the PKK, to get its own back for Turkey's insistence that President Assad must go.
But it is even more complicated than this. The dominant Kurdish faction inside Syria is a close ally - some say even an off-shoot - of the PKK. It has little love for the mainstream Syrian opposition championed by the Turks.
Colonial borders
Whilst fighting the PKK on one front, Turkey is desperately trying to curb the political ambitions of Syria's Kurds by political means.
Indeed the ramifications of the Kurdish issue go even further. Prof Gerges insists that the Kurdish question "is here to stay".
"It transcends national borders and has the potential to redraw the Sykes-Pico agreement, which, after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, established existing nation-state boundaries.
"Although it is too early to talk about the emergence of a greater Kurdistan, an imagined community of Kurds resonates deeply among Kurds across Turkey, Iraq, Syria and Iran."
It is in this sense the upheavals associated with the "Arab Spring" take on their full regional significance.
The Sykes-Picot Agreement (named not surprisingly after the two negotiators, Mr Georges Picot and Sir Mark Sykes) was a secret understanding made between France and Britain in 1916 for the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire.
The agreement led to the division of Turkish-held areas of the Levant into various French and British administered territories which eventually gave rise to the modern-day states of Syria, Lebanon, Iraq and ultimately Israel.
Fawaz Gerges asserts that the events in Syria and their potential repercussions risk over-turning this familiar world; a broader re-ordering of the region in which Kurdish aspirations are just one part of a very complex picture.
"Many of the problems in the contemporary Middle East are traced to that colonial-era Sykes-Picot map, which established the state system in the region. The Palestine and Kurdish questions are cases in point."
"National borders do not correspond to imagined communities. Although the state system has established deep roots in the Middle East in the last nine decades, the current uprisings have starkly exposed the fragility of the colonial system imposed on the region.
"My take is that the great powers, together with their local partners, will fight tooth and nail to prevent the redrawing of the borders of the state system in the Middle East.
"For once the map is re-drawn, where would the limits be? There would be a real danger of perpetual instability and conflict," he says.
Sowing chaos?
The Kurds of Syria, of course, are not in quite the same position as their brothers in Iraq and would find it much harder to break away.
Noted Syria expert Joshua Landis of the University of Oklahoma says that while Syria's Kurds are a compact minority they are not a majority even in the north eastern border area with Turkey - where they constitute some 30-40% of the population.
They have sometimes tense relations with local Sunni Arab tribes who see this as an integral part of Syrian territory, reinforced by the fact that this is an area rich in oil resources vital to the Syrian economy.
Prof Landis argues that what is going on in the Kurdish north-east offers a useful pointer to President Assad's "Plan B" should his control over key cities like Damascus and Aleppo crumble.
He says that the "embattled president withdrew government forces from the north-east because he couldn't control it and wanted to focus on the most important battles in Aleppo and Damascus".
"But in the back of the president's mind, there may be the thought that empowering the Kurds is a way of weakening the Sunni Arab majority and underlining the risks of fragmentation should his government fall. It's a strategy of playing upon divisions to sow chaos," he said.
This way, says Prof Landis, "the Syrian Army - which is rapidly becoming an Alawite militia, whilst still the strongest military force - may lose control over large swathes of the country, but will remain a vital factor in determining the political outcome in Syria".
It is a bleak prospect.
Prof Landis asserts that President Assad "may lose Syria, but could still remain a player, and his Alawite minority will not be destroyed".
"That's the future of Syria," he says, with little enthusiasm. "It's what Lebanon was and what Iraq became."
Related pictory :
LET THE CHILDREN IN: Princess Ashraf visits Kurdish refugee camp Iran-Iraq border (1974)
Persian Dispute before UN Securitiy Council 1946
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Turkish minister denied Kurd access
by Darius Kadivar on Wed Dec 05, 2012 12:09 AM PSTTurkish minister denied Kurd access (cnn)
Istanbul (CNN) -- The Iraqi government in Baghdad denied permission Tuesday for Turkey's energy minister to fly to the autonomous Kurdish region in northern Iraq.
STORY HIGHLIGHTS
Dozens killed as Syrian rebels and Kurd militia clash
by Darius Kadivar on Tue Nov 20, 2012 01:13 PM PSTDozens killed as rebels, Kurds clash (cnn)
Istanbul (CNN) -- A flashpoint Syrian border town recently captured by rebels was reeling Tuesday after deadly clashes erupted between Syrian rebels and a Kurdish militia.
The battle left dozens of fighters from both sides dead, including one prominent ethnic Kurdish leader.
STORY HIGHLIGHTS
Jailed Kurds end hunger strike
by Darius Kadivar on Sun Nov 18, 2012 11:51 AM PSTJailed Kurds end hunger strike (bbc)
Hundreds of Kurdish prisoners in Turkey have ended a 68-day hunger strike after jailed ex-rebel leader Abdullah Ocalan urged them to do so.
The prisoners had been demanding better conditions for Mr Ocalan and more use of the Kurdish language in public life.
On Saturday, Mr Ocalan called on the hunger strikers to stop, in a statement issued by his brother.
Some 40,000 people have died in the 25-year conflict between the Turkish state and the PKK militant group.
The PKK (Kurdistan Workers' Party) has waged a guerrilla campaign in south-east Turkey for the establishment of an ethnic homeland for the Kurdish people.
Five Turkish soldiers were killed on Sunday in clashes with rebels near the Iraqi border, according to Turkish media reports.
Syria's conflict spills over into Turkish border town
by Darius Kadivar on Fri Nov 16, 2012 04:50 PM PSTSyria's conflict spills over into Turkish border town (cnn)
STORY HIGHLIGHTS
Turkish helicopter crash kills 17
by Darius Kadivar on Sat Nov 10, 2012 01:05 AM PSTTurkish helicopter crash kills 17 (bbc)
Seventeen soldiers have been killed in a helicopter crash in southeast Turkey, Turkish officials have said.
The helicopter went down due to bad weather conditions in the Siirt province, according to local officials and state media.
Siirt Governor Ahmet Aydin also said the victims were members of Turkish special forces.
The Turkish military is active in the south-east, fighting Kurdish militants.
State-run television said the the crash occurred in heavy fog in a mountainous area, but authorities are still investigating exactly what happened.
Kurdish rebels are active in the area, but there is no indication they were involved in the incident.
Syria rebels, Kurdish militia discuss truce
by Darius Kadivar on Wed Oct 31, 2012 03:18 AM PDTSyria rebels, Kurdish militia discuss truce (cnn)
Turkey police crack down on Kurds
by Darius Kadivar on Wed Oct 31, 2012 03:09 AM PDTTurkey police crack down on Kurds (cnn)
Istanbul, Turkey (CNN) -- About 200 Kurdish demonstrators marched up a narrow Istanbul street behind a large banner that said "political prisoners are our pride, we will not stay silent over the deaths in prison."
The group's organizers were expecting trouble. They were marching on Tuesday without a government permit.
STORY HIGHLIGHTS
Syria rebels,Kurd militia discuss cease-fire after deadly clash
by Darius Kadivar on Tue Oct 30, 2012 02:07 AM PDTSyria rebels, Kurds discuss cease-fire (cnn)
stanbul (CNN) -- Syrian rebels and a Kurdish militia appear to be negotiating a cease-fire after clashes in the battle-scarred northern city of Aleppo on Saturday left at least 21 fighters dead and more than 100 people kidnapped.
According to Ahmad Afash, a commander from the rebel Free Syrian Army, or FSA, at least 16 FSA fighters were killed when they clashed with armed members of the Kurdish Democratic Union Party, or PYD, on Saturday. He said at least five Kurdish fighters were also killed in the battle.
Read more: Kurds' ambitions add explosive element to Syria equation
STORY HIGHLIGHTS
Turkey asks Kurdish prisoners to end hunger strike
by Darius Kadivar on Thu Oct 25, 2012 01:07 PM PDTTurkey asks Kurdish prisoners to end hunger strike (cnn)
Istanbul, Turkey (CNN) -- Turkey's government made an emotional plea Wednesday to hundreds of hunger-striking Kurdish prisoners -- some who haven't eaten in more than a month -- to end their protest.
Justice Minister Sadullah Ergin made the televised appeal Wednesday during a visit to Sincan prison in the Turkish capital.
"I am telling the prisoners and detainees who are on this action: On the eve of this holiday, for the sake of your own body, your own health, the people who love you and whom you love, stop this action," the minister said.
The holiday Ergin is referring to is the Islamic "Feast of the Sacrifice" or Kurban Bayrami, which will be observed in Turkey starting Thursday. It's the celebration that marks the end of Hajj, the annual Muslim pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca.
STORY HIGHLIGHTS
Kurdish rebels blow up Iranian gas pipeline in Turkey
by Darius Kadivar on Fri Oct 19, 2012 03:04 AM PDTRebels blow up pipeline in Turkey (bbc)
Kurdish rebels blow up a gas pipeline in Turkey, disrupting the flow of gas from Iran.
Kurdish rebels have claimed responsibility for a bomb attack on a natural gas pipeline in eastern Turkey.
The blast has halted the flow of gas from Iran. It also wounded 28 Turkish soldiers who, an official said, were driving past in a military vehicle.
It is the second attack in a month on the pipeline. The Kurdish separatist group, the PKK, has also targetted the oil pipeline from Iraq.
The attack happened near the town of Eleskirt, in Agri province.
Accoring to the state-run Anatolian news agency, the governor of Agri, Mehmet Tekinarslan, said the blast was caused by a remote-controlled bomb. The soldiers suffered only minor injuries.Violence escalates in Turkey-PKK conflict
by Darius Kadivar on Mon Oct 15, 2012 09:15 AM PDTViolence escalates in Turkey-PKK conflict (bbc, video)
Turkey's conflict with Kurdish rebels has reached its most violent point in 13 years, with more than 700 people killed in the last 15 months.
The Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) was founded in 1978 in Turkey's eastern Kurdish region, and since then, their conflict with the Turkish state has cost up to 40,000 lives.
There are around 30 million Kurds in the Middle East - mostly in Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran - and they are often described as the world's largest nation without a state.
James Reynolds reports from the Kurdish heartland of eastern Turkey.
Iraq-based PKK leader denies getting help from Syria
by Darius Kadivar on Mon Oct 15, 2012 08:10 AM PDTMountain hideaway (bbc)
Iraq-based PKK leader denies getting help from Syria
Defiance in Turkey's Kurdish heartland
by Darius Kadivar on Thu Oct 11, 2012 03:45 AM PDTDefiant heartland (bbc)
Resentment undimmed in Turkey's Kurdish communities
Between 25 million and 30 million Kurds live across the Middle EastDeadly blast strikes Turkish city
by Darius Kadivar on Tue Sep 25, 2012 05:18 PM PDTDeadly blast strikes Turkish city (bbc)
Seven people - mainly members of the security forces - are killed in a blast in the eastern Turkish city of Tunceli, media report.
The city is near the country's Kurdish area and suspicion will automatically fall upon Kurdish rebel group the PKK, says the BBC's Istanbul correspondent James Reynolds.
Fighting between Turkish troops and the PKK - the Kurdistan Workers' Party - has escalated in recent months.How hopes for Kurdish peace have been smashed
by Darius Kadivar on Fri Sep 21, 2012 02:58 AM PDTThe slide to war (bbc)
How hopes for Kurdish peace have been smashed
Turkey's conflict with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) has escalated rapidly in the past few months, with some of the heaviest fighting in three decades.
It is a remarkable deterioration from a point where unprecedented talks were proceeding less than two years ago.
In a recently published report, the think-tank International Crisis Group said more than 700 people had died in the past 14 months, the highest casualty rate in 13 years.
In the past few days the PKK has launched two separate attacks in the eastern province of Bingol, killing at least 17 members of the Turkish armed forces and wounding more than 70.
Meanwhile the Turkish army says it has staged close to 1,000 counter-insurgency sorties in the past six months.Deadly attack on Turkish convoy kills seven Turkish soldiers
by Darius Kadivar on Tue Sep 18, 2012 05:13 PM PDTDeadly attack on Turkish convoy (bbc)
Militants kill seven Turkish soldiers and injure at least 56 more in a rocket attack on a convoy in the east - security officials.
Turkey PM Erdogan says Kurdish PKK takes 500 casualties
by Darius Kadivar on Mon Sep 17, 2012 01:41 PM PDTTurkey says many PKK rebels dead (bbc)
Some 500 Kurdish rebels have been "rendered ineffective" by Turkish security forces in the space of a month, Turkey's Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan says.
'PKK bomb' kills 8 Turkish police officers
by Darius Kadivar on Sun Sep 16, 2012 03:05 AM PDT'PKK bomb' kills Turkish police (bbc)
Eight police officers have been killed by a roadside bomb in the southern Turkish province of Bingol, security officials say.
The device was detonated as their bus passed on a road in the Karliova district of Bingol province, they said.
Sources blamed the attack on Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) militants.
The PKK has been fighting for an ethnic homeland in south-eastern Turkey since 1984. It is classified as a terrorist organisation by Turkey, the US and EU.Turkey warplanes 'kill 25 Kurdish rebels' in northern Iraq
by Darius Kadivar on Mon Sep 10, 2012 01:33 PM PDTThe Turkish military says it killed 25 Kurdish rebels during a recent offensive in northern Iraq.
Warplanes hit 14 rebel hideouts in the cross-border strikes from 5 to 9 September, it said in a statement.
Clashes between soldiers and rebels have killed 461 people in south-east Turkey this year, the military said separately according to local media.
Fighting between the army and Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) rebels in the region has escalated in the past year.
The army has mounted hundreds of operations in a bid to drive out the rebels.Turkey troops killed in Kurdish rebel clashes in Sirnak
by Darius Kadivar on Sun Sep 02, 2012 11:53 PM PDTTurkish troops killed in clashes (bbc)
Nine members of Turkey's security forces have been killed in clashes with Kurdish rebels in the south-eastern province of Sirnak, officials say.
Around 20 militants were also killed, close to the border with Syria and Iraq, governor Vahdettin Ozkan said.
The fighting broke out late on Sunday evening and was continuing, he said.
Clashes between the army and the rebel PKK - which seeks autonomy for the Kurds - have intensified in the region in the past year.
Syria's ethnic and religious minorities drawn into conflict
by Darius Kadivar on Wed Aug 22, 2012 01:22 AM PDTSectarian fears (bbc)
Syria's ethnic and religious minorities drawn into conflict
Kurdish chance? Syrian conflict raises hopes of minority
by Darius Kadivar on Sat Aug 18, 2012 04:53 AM PDTKurdish chance? (bbc)
By Orla Guerin
BBC News, Syria
With Syrian forces focused on the fighting in the big cities, Kurdish leaders say they now control half of their region in the north-east. Travelling undercover, the BBC's Orla Guerin found many already looking forward to autonomy in a democratic Syria.
simple
by MRX on Fri Aug 17, 2012 07:16 AM PDTHuman beings are tribal to begin with. Each person likes to be a member of his or her own tribe. (Sorry to dissapoint our lefty commy jahan vatany friends) that is why you feel more comfortable hanging around with an Iranian friend than some one from somalia or venezuela.
Having siad that we will end up having a same problem as in Syria or the rest of the Arab world dow the road and the only way out of it is resurection of Iranian culture and Iranian tribalism.
'I will take on regime' - Syrian farmer
by Darius Kadivar on Fri Aug 17, 2012 04:53 AM PDT'I will take on regime' - Syrian farmer (bbc, Video)
The BBC's Gabriel Gatehouse meets some of the Syrians who have fled to Turkey and yearn to return and take on the Syrian army.
How ethnic and sectarian divisions are limiting the Arab spring
by Darius Kadivar on Fri Aug 17, 2012 01:40 AM PDTNew awakening? (bbc)
How ethnic and sectarian divisions are limiting the Arab spring
By Gerald Butt
Middle East analyst
Arabs in several countries around the Middle East are relishing the prospect of a new era built on political reform and democratic rule.
This craving for democracy was motivated by a desire to throw off the shackles of the past and finally achieve independence in every sense of the word.
This is hardly surprising. For decades, Arabs' self-esteem had been smothered by the totalitarian rule that followed colonial occupation. Colonialism itself had been preceded by centuries of Ottoman domination.If Erdogan wants to play it smart...
by FG on Thu Aug 16, 2012 10:28 AM PDTHe should recognize the independence of Kurdish areas in Turkey and encourage unification of all Kurdish areas in the region, and suggest a common market--thereby catering to Kurdish self-interests, both economic and military. It is a no-brainer for both sides and another major blow to Turkey's potential enemies who are all tied to the Islamic Republic.
In one big move, Erdogan would become popular overnight with Kurds--vastly more preferable than Khamenei, Assad or Al-Maliki. Only Erdogan is in a position to do this I think.
Kurds would keep their independence while reaping economic benefits and the prospect of military aid from Turkey in case the three Really Bad Guys make trouble.
To ease any concerns on the part of a post-Assad Syrian government, the common market offer could extend there as well. Meanwhile, what a blow to an already tottering Islamic Republic!
Inevitable
by MRX on Thu Aug 16, 2012 09:38 AM PDTCreation of country of Kurdistan is a matter of time and it's inevitable. The only question that needs be answered is how large it is going to be and where the boundry lines will be drawn.