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Shapour Bakhtiar
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Dialogue of murder
A cautionary tale that must not be forgotten
By Cyrus Kadivar
January 26, 2003
The Iranian
Iran's clerical regime, which the European Union has unwittingly appeased for
decades, continues to claim unashamedly that it does not condone, much less support
terrorism. And yet, the testimony and documentary evidence including annual reports
by the United Nations, the U.S Department of State, and other concerned bodies, human
rights groups, and the world press have established beyond any doubt that the leadership
of the Islamic Republic has throughout the past 23 years authorised, sponsored, and
directed acts terror around the globe including the liquidation of over 120 Iranian
dissidents in their chosen countries of exile by assassins dispatched from Tehran.
It is a cautionary tale that must not be forgotten.
From the moment they seized power Ayatollah Khomeini and his henchmen were determined
to murder the deposed monarch. An Islamic court in Tehran had, in fact, sentenced
the dying Shah, Empress Farah, the Crown Prince, and other members of the Pahlavi
family, to death in absentia on a preposterous charge of "waging war against
God."
The international press speculated that Khomeini had hired Carlos, the notorious
Venezuelan terrorist, to murder or kidnap the Shah and his family in exile. More
seriously, Yasser Arafat, leader of the PLO, was reported to have offered the services
of his commandos to the Islamic Republic for the sole purpose of eliminating the
Shah. Arafat's ignoble offer was a calculated ruse to persuade revolutionary Iran
in joining his campaign against Israel.
On December 7, 1979, Prince Shahriar
Shafiq, the Shah's nephew, Princess Ashraf's second son, was walking on a Parisian
street carrying groceries home to his sister's apartment in the Rue de la Villa Dupont,
a cul-de-sac in the fashionable 16th Arrondissement.
A competent officer in the Imperial Iranian Navy and a commander of the Persian Gulf
fleet of Hovercraft, Prince Shafiq had fled the Islamic revolution in a pleasure
boat after a dramatic chase from the port of Bandar Abbas and across the Gulf to
Kuwait.
Nine months later in Paris he was busy plotting with other exiles and his contacts
in the Iranian navy to spearhead a counterrevolution from Kish Island. But any hopes
that he may have had for his country ended that cold afternoon when a young man,
later identified as a certain Boghraie, pulled out a 9-millimeter pistol, and shot
him in the back of the head.
As Shafiq fell, the gunman bent over him, fired a second bullet into his head, and
then vanished among the crowd in the Rue Pergolese. In Tehran, Sadegh Khalkhali,
the revolutionary judge responsible for countless executions in Iran, announced the
successful operation. "We were lucky," he told reporters. "We were
after his mother but got him instead."
Paris, once the base for Khomeini's campaign against the Shah's rule, had become
the headquarters of Iranian exiles agitating against the daily atrocities in their
homeland. One of the most colourful leaders was Shapour
Bakhtiar, a liberal and the Shah's last prime minister who had valiantly resisted
the Islamic revolution during his ill-fated 37 days government.
Having fled Iran he had immediately founded the National Resistance Movement.
"Iran will never die," became a famous motto for the hundreds who flanked
to his side. [See "The
first moderate"] Dividing his time between a busy office on the Left
Bank and his elegant apartment at 101 Boulevard Bineau in the Paris suburb of Neuilly,
Bakhtiar issued manifestos and tape recorded messages to his followers inside Iran
calling them to overthrow the "mullah dictatorship."
On July 18, 1980, Bakhtiar was in his pyjamas fixing breakfast when a violent
shoot-out broke out in his apartment between his bodyguards and Arab terrorists.
One guard, 23-year old Jean-Michel Jamme, and an innocent French lady in the building,
were shot and killed. The terrorists were eventually disarmed by the French police.
In a television interview, Bakhtiar revealed that the hit men had been sent by
Khalkhali and that he was aware of the threat for several months. When asked whether
this attempt would change his determination to overthrow Ayatollah Khomeini's regime,
Bakhtiar answered, "Nothing can stop me from fighting this barbaric regime.
My only desire is to see a free and democratic Iran."
Two days later, the Tehran authorities announced the crushing of a plot by hundreds
of former air force officers and the "Neqab" (Mask) organisation who claimed
to have direct links with Bakhtiar's office in Paris. In the weeks that followed,
hundreds were executed after brief trials.
Fearful of a counter-revolution, the Islamic revolutionary secret services went into
deadly action. This time they chose another Iranian by the name of Ali
Akbar Tabatabai, as their target. A former press attache at the Iranian Embassy
in Washington under the monarchy, Tabatabai was known as the main critic of the Khomeini
regime in the United States and leader of the Iran Freedom Foundation.
On July 22, 1980, Tabatabai was shot three times in the abdomen at his Bethesda
home in Maryland by an assassin disguised as a postman. Forty-five minutes later,
at 12:34 P.M., Tabatabai was pronounced dead at Suburban Hospital.
The man who fired the semi-automatic Browning was David Theodore Belfield alias Dawud
Salahuddin, a 29-year-old African American Muslim who had been paid five thousand
dollars for the job. After shooting his victim, the assassin had escaped the crime
scene with the help of a friend who was waiting with the rental car, and they made
their way to Montreal.
From there Salahuddin booked a flight to Paris with a connection to Geneva where
he took refuge in the Iranian Consulate for seven days before getting a visa to go
on to Iran where he lives today with his Iranian wife in a comfortable garden apartment
in a Tehran suburb despite various attempts over the years to bring him to justice.
Astonishingly, in 2001 Salahuddin, gained world fame as an actor in Mohsen Makhmalbaf's
film, Kandahar.
When the Shah, passed away in Cairo on July 27, 1980, a group of monarchists rallied
around his son. On October 31, on the occasion of his twenty-first birthday, Reza
Pahlavi, called on all patriotic forces inside and outside Iran to unite behind him
and "end the terrible nightmare that has gripped our homeland." Vowing
to reign as a constitutional monarch he kissed a copy of the Koran and stood at attention
while the pre-revolutionary national anthem was played.
A film of the Kubbeh Palace ceremony was delivered to sympathisers in Athens and
broadcast clandestinely into Iran. Millions of Iranian exiles, mostly the creme de
la creme of imperial Iran, began to hope again. Former politicians and generals,
singers, artists and writers, students and businessmen joined the chorus of liberation.
In August 1981 a paramilitary organisation led by General Bahram Aryana calling
itself "Azadegan" (Free Ones) gained a reputation for symbolic operations
when former Admiral Kamal Habibollahi and his men temporarily captured the "Tabarzin",
an Iranian gunboat in Cherbourg destined for the Islamic republic.
For several days, the anti-Khomeini partisans sailed along the coast of France
and Spain flying the imperial flag. After refuelling in Tangiers the crew were forced
to surrender themselves at the French port of Toulon. In a press conference, former
Admiral Habibollahi, explained his action as "an extraordinary platform for
us to be heard and to show the world that millions of Iranians oppose Khomeini."
Meanwhile, a professional army of Iranian counterrevolutionaries was taking shape
on the Iran-Turkey frontier, for eventual deployment in a "liberation drive"
planned by General Gholam
Ali Oveissi, the commander of the imperial Iranian army. This force consisted
of officers and men from elite divisions of the late Shah's military and was quartered
in 22 makeshift barracks in eight Turkish villages and at five clandestine bases
inside Iran.
Estimates of this monarchist force ranged from 2,000 to 8,000 men although exiled
officers claimed that they could raise up two full divisions (22,000 men), provided
they received financial support.
One potential source of new recruits were the 100,000 Iranian war prisoners held
by Iraq to be prepared to join anti-Khomeini forces in exchange for their freedom.
A stream of visitors, including colourful emissaries from Iranian Kurdish chiefs
and political advisers from the exiles in Paris, created an impression of feverish
activity in what was a snowbound remoteness.
On February 7, 1984, assassins shot and killed the 64 year old General Oveissi and
his brother as they left an apartment in Paris. Oveissi's death dealt a major blow
to the anti-mullah opposition forces. A mysterious group called "Islamic Jihad"
claimed responsibility from London. The French police were never able to capture
the assassins. After General Aryana's death from a heart-attack the liberation armies
evaporated.
Next to Bakhtiar, Ali Amini and Ahmad Madani, other opponents of the mullarchy such
as the ex-president Abol Hassan Bani Sadr and the fugitive Masoud Rajavi of the Mujaheddeen
Khalq were also busy forming their organisations. Clandestine radios and exile publications
exposed the Islamic republic's use of torture, executions, stonings, terrorism, and
assassinations as instruments of state policy.
Enjoying diplomatic immunity, agents of VAVAK nested at the Iranian embassy in
Paris while successfully infiltrating these groups and waiting to strike. Rajavi
and his supporters moved to Baghdad where they raised a militia army and conducted
a wave of terrorist attacks on members of the Islamic regime.
In London, exiles staged huge protest rallies every Sunday at Hyde Park Corner and
in front of the Iranian Embassy. At 2:30p.m. on August 19, 1986, a bomb exploded
in a Persian video store in Kensington killing Bijan
Fazeli, the 22 year old son of Reza Fazelli an opponent of the Islamic republic
who had produced a number of comedy shows deriding the mullahs as "corrupt and
evil."
The brutal assassination of Ali
Tavakoli and his son Noureldeen on October 2, 1987 shocked and intimidated the
Iranian community. Both men were active monarchists and had been found shot in their
own home. After that anti-regime demonstrations dwindled to a mere few. Their murderers
were released a few years later. Dozens of other opponents were murdered or injured
in Rome, Istanbul, Karachi and Dubai.
The scope of the terrorist activities launched against individual organisations opposed
to the clerical regime and nationals of other countries took place at an alarming
rate and coincided with Hashemi Rafsanjani's rise to power as the President of the
Islamic republic and the European Union's eagerness to "improve commercial and
political ties" with the "moderate elements" in the Islamic regime.
Despite the complications caused by the late Khomeini's fatwa against the author
Salman Rushdie, the EU and Iran continued their "critical dialogue" at
the expense of Iranian opposition leaders who now lived in daily fear of assassination.
On July 11, 1989, Abdolrahman
Ghassemlou, the 59 year old leader of the Kurdish Democratic Party, arrived in
Vienna to negotiate an autonomy agreement with emissaries of President Rafsanjani.
The next day, at about 7:30p.m. police discovered Ghassemlou's bullet-riddled body
seated in an armchair. His two associates were sprawled dead on the floor.
Within hours, the Austrians had recovered the murder weapon, had one suspect,
Bozorgian, in custody and the second in a hospital, and knew the identity of the
third. In a few days, they had found enough evidence to indict all three. According
to Manuchehr Ganji, the leader of the Flag of Freedom Organisation and a survivor
of numerous attempts on his own life, "The Austrian authorities took the easy
route - they let all three culprits go back to Tehran."
On April 24, 1990, Dr Kazem Rajavi, a human rights activist and the brother of Massoud
Rajavi, the leader of the Iraq-based National Council of Resistance, was assassinated
by a four man hit team that opened fire on his car outside his home in Geneva. Two
months later, the Swiss Police issued a report saying that the killers carried Iranian
government service passports -- "all issued on the same date" -- and flew
between Tehran and Geneva on Iran Air.
 Soon afterwards, Cyrus
Elahi, a high-ranking member of Dr Ganji's pro-democracy opposition movement,
the Flag of Freedom Organisation, was assassinated in cold blood. He was hit by six
7.65 revolver bullets at about 9:30a.m. on October 23, 1990. Elahi's body was found
in the lobby of his Parisian residence at 8 Rue Antoine Bourdelle. His assassination
found little echo in the press. On April 8, 1991, Dr Abdolrahman
Boroumand, a close adviser to Bakhtiar, was stabbed to death outside his home.
On a stormy night, August 6, 1991, in one of the most shameful acts of terrorism
a three-man commando team sent from Tehran and posing as his supporters brutally
murdered the 77 year old Dr Bakhtiar and his secretary, Soroush
Katibeh. Both men were stabbed to death under the very noses of their French
security.
Bakhtiar's corpse was found the next morning at his villa in Suresnes. He was
lying on his leather couch, his throat and wrists cut by a kitchen knife. In the
sensational trial that followed in Paris in late 1994, it became clear that Bakhtiar's
assassination was planned and carried out with Tehran's direct involvement.
Two of the killers fled to Iran, another was extradited from Geneva but was later
acquitted. Many Iranians, including the families of the victims, blamed France's
diplomatic rapprochement with Tehran for the deaths. Two years earlier, in February
1989, Roland Dumas had visited Iran to discuss trade opportunities and on July 27,
1990 President Mitterand had ordered the release of the Lebanese terrorist, Anis
Naccache, who had led the first attempt on Bakhtiar's life in 1980.
 Relations between Tehran and Paris led to lucrative
contracts and greater restrictions on the activities of the Iranian opposition. Mitterand's
plans to visit Tehran never materialised due to the public outcry.
At the Group of Seven summit, a meeting of the seven leading industrial states, in
Munich in July 1992, the United States proposed a strong condemnation of Iranian
policies concerning terrorism, human rights, and nuclear armament. The Europeans,
especially the Germans, opposed the American initiative, leading to its withdrawal.
Not surprisingly, the Islamic republic's agents operated throughout Germany with
exceptional ease. On August 9, 1992, Fereydoun
Farrokhzad, a well-known singer and opposition figure, was stabbed by an assassin
at his home in Bonn. Three days later his body was found lying in a pool of blood
with his dog whimpering beside him.
A month later, on September 17, Sadegh
Sharafkandi, who succeeded the murdered Ghassemlou, together with two of his
associates, were gunned down mafia-style while they ate at a Berlin restaurant called
Mykonos.
German police arrested the leader of the hit squad Kazem Darabi (an Iranian) and
four of the eight suspected Lebanese perpetrators and put them on trial in Berlin.
The Mykonos trial lasted three and a half years and involved 246 sessions of the
court, 176 witnesses and thousands of pages of documentary evidence.
 Despite the German Government's attempts to pressure
the Court to refrain from pointing a finger at Tehran, the president of the tribunal,
Judge Frithjof Kubsch, declared that the "atrocious murders" were ordered
by the "highest state levels". In March 1996 an international arrest warrant
was issued for Ali Fallahian, Rafsanjani's Intelligence Minister, for his role in
the assassinations of Iranian dissidents in Germany.
All the European Union countries, with the exception of Italy and Greece, immediately
recalled their ambassadors from Iran. But two months later, they all sent them back
and started doing business as usual with the clerical regime, as if nothing had happened.
In fact the Europeans preferred to appease the Islamic regime in Iran with what they
called "economic incentives".
On May 28, 1996, Reza
Mazlouman, a dissident publisher and activist, was expecting guests at his apartment
in the suburb of Creteil. At 5p.m. Ahmad Jeyhouni and Mojtaba Mashadi knocked on
his door. Mazlouman was having tea with a French woman, so the two men said they
would return in a couple of hours.
The next morning, Mazlouman was found dead with two bullets in his chest and a
shattering coup de grace under one eye. Jayhouni, a video-shop owner described by
investigators as "closely linked" to the Iranian Embassy in Bonn, was arrested
in Germany and extradited to France on October 24.
Their trials were at last held in June 2001. Jeyhouni was sentenced to seventeen
years in jail. "Amazingly, Mojtaba Mashadi was acquitted," Dr Ganji has
written in his latest book, Defying the Iranian Revolution. "The French
system of justice, at times, has surprises of its own."
 The
emergence of Khatami in 1997 and the endless charade of hardliners versus the reformers
inside the Islamic republic has provided a suitable excuse for the EU to maintain
their heads in the sand whilst arguing that dialogue with Iran will help the reformists.
In December 2002 the EU opened its talks with Tehran on the basis that it will not
sign a proposed trade agreement unless the Islamic republic shows progress on human
rights and terrorism concerns. Many Iranians remain cynical. It is all about money
they say. Even with the widespread movement towards greater freedoms in Iran they
believe that the EU will continue to shrug their shoulders at the regime's misdeeds.
As Reza Pahlavi, himself a target of an assassination plot six months ago, said at
the National Press Club: "The only way to help the Iranian people achieve freedom
is to stop cutting deals with the Islamic regime. "
Source: Rouzegar-Now, December 2002/January 2003 Issue 8
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