In 1920, Britain agreed to withdraw her troops from Iran, as the Soviets promised to withhold their support of the secessionist movements in Azerbaijan (Democrat party), Gilan (Mirza Kochak) and Khorasan (colonel Pesian). Apparently, an implicit accord was also struck to support a new reformist government in Tehran. The British had tried to maintain their de-facto protectorate in Persia, but failed with their aborted 1919 treaty, which created a groundswell of nationalist emotions. However, the ineffective government of the Qajar nobility in Tehran was also helpless in even establishing a modicum of national sovereignty and security. Hence, as the deadline of spring 1921 approached for the promised British withdrawal from Persia, a dramatic action became necessary.
The 1921 coup-d’état by Seyyed Zia (reformist journalist) and Reza Khan (Cossack brigade) commenced with the promise of removing the chokehold of Qajar nobility from the government, establishing Persian sovereignty throughout Iran, and providing security for the suffering masses. The coup masters forcefully obtained premiership for the Seyyed and the war ministry for Reza, from the bewildered Ahmad Shah who was fully aware of the British role in that whole affair. As a show of force and promise, Seyyed quickly ordered the arrest of some hundred Qajar nobilities on grounds of treason and embezzlement; threatening to execute them, if they did not return their dubiously acquired riches. He also engaged the renegade rebellion leaders of the North to interest them in supporting his government. Both moves aggravated the rich and powerful of Tehran, who in turn approached Reza Khan with all sorts of promises and gifts; if he would just remove the Zia.
Reza Khan was a forceful but illiterate military man, who as a poor orphan had to fend for himself since the tender age of 12. The brutish army life had made him both resourceful and ruthless. He accepted the nobility’s lavish gifts and within 3 months, toppled his co-conspirator to exile. A scion of Qajar politics (Qavam-al-sultana) became prime minister; Reza Khan maintained the war portfolio, and the Majles was reopened after six years. Shortly after the 1921 coup, the Soviets recognized the new government, and even signed a friendship treaty with the new cabinet. This spelled trouble for the Northern democratic and secessionist movements, who were one-by-one suppressed by the rejuvenated army of Reza Khan. Reza then focused his attention on establishing sovereignty in the oil-rich South, and toppled the powerful and British-backed governance of Sheikh Khazal in Arabestan (today’s Khuzestan).
Reza Khan’s glorious victories, which had finally reunited Persia after ten miserable years, endeared him to most ranks of nobility, intellectuals and the general populace. His avid supporters (like Teymourtash) even started a campaign to abolish the monarchy, and like the Turkish republic of Kamal Ataturk, install Reza Khan as the president. However, the conservative right and the liberal left, who were both wary of Reza’s dictatorial intentions, united around the notion of “republic is against Islam” and organized mass religious demonstrations. Unfazed by the opposition’s populist tactics, Reza Khan’s camp reshaped their campaign and made a case for the outright removal of the corrupt Qajar dynasty (blamed for all problems); and the installation of a powerful Persian ruler, without resorting to the ‘un-Islamic republic’! At the conclusion of that bizarre horse-trading, Iran was denied the more modern republic system, and Majles installed Reza as the first Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty, in 1926.
When Reza Shah was crowned, Iran (then called Persia) was one of the poorest Asian countries! During the first six years of his reign, Reza Shah made a constructive pact with his intellectual backers, lead by Teymourtash, to let them run the country, while Shah built and lead the army. With that active encouragement, the government intellectuals rapidly weaved a number of social, legal, financial, cultural and industrial innovations into the ancient country’s fabric. Western style (non-religious) schools were built for both boys and girls. Civil Law was instituted based on the European codes. Tehran University was founded as the new backbone for training doctors, engineers and other professionals. Roads, railways and industrial facilities were constructed, to facilitate agricultural trade and modern manufacturing. The peace and security provided by Reza Shah’s new army, as well as the increased oil income, made all those improvements possible.
Reza Shah truly instigated the wide ranging modernization of Iran from a filthy, backward and lawless shell-of-an-state, to a functioning and advancing society. With the new roads and trucks, the all too frequent famines of the earlier twentieth century disappeared. Under the new army’s watchful eyes, bandits and tribes could no longer rob the caravans or invade towns and villages. The new schools and colleges gave hope and purpose to many youths for a better future and the flourishing of their talents. Emancipation of women encouraged that half of the population to play a more active role in public life. Municipal modernizations, public health initiatives and vaccinations, lowered the infant and general mortality rates and provided a brighter outlook for young families.
Unfortunately, Reza Shah was fundamentally an illiterate bully who soon became intoxicated with power! As the power corrupts, Reza became more and more callous, suspicious and brutal in the treatment of, first the opposition, and then even his own allies and friends. The opposing members of parliament (e.g. Modarres, and Mosaddeg) were banished and exiled. All the political parties were pushed out, and the Majles elections became a process of backroom nominations followed by routine vote rigging by the army and police chiefs. The government intellectuals (like Teymourtash) were initially complacent in that sordid departure from the principles of constitutional monarchy, until they too became victims of the dictator’s unrelenting greed and paranoia. One by one, the same team of luminaries who had elevated Reza Khan from a Cossack to the war minister, the prime minister and finally the Shah; became targets of the secret police investigations; ended up in jail on trumped up charges; and were poisoned or tortured to death by Reza Shah’s notorious gang of henchmen.
By the mid 1930’s, Reza Shah had complete control of the country and was treating it like his own property, and the populace like helpless servers. Thirty years after the constitutional revolution, the country had again fully digressed from liberty to tyranny. Shah was not only after the absolute power, but also absolute wealth; as he forced most landowners to relinquish their properties or face persecution and death. It is estimated that by the end of his reign, Reza Shah had unlawfully obtained titles to 40% of the best agricultural lands in Iran! He also extended his reach to the oil contract with the British (Anglo-Persian Oil Company), tore it up and secretly set up a new arrangement to siphon a sizable share of that income into his own foreign accounts.
At the same time in central Europe, Nazi (Germany) and Fascist (Italy) sentiments brought racist maniacs like Hitler and Mussolini into power. Reza Shah was mesmerized by the powerful images of those super thugs; and soon expelled most of the English and French advisors and replaced them with the German agents. He was so intoxicated by the Aryan hallucinations of Hitler, that even changed the country’s name country; tried to remove all Arab insignia (camels, turbans and mosques); and engaged in secret pacts regarding the future power struggles in Europe.
During the first two years of the Second World War, the Axis (Germany, Italy and Japan) forces were extremely successful. Hitler was able to pacify the Russians by signing a friendship treaty with Stalin, and avoided direct action against the neutral Americans. German troops successfully blitzed Poland, France, Denmark, Belgium, Holland and Greece; and many other nations (e.g. Austria, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria) joined the Axis. All of Europe was falling under the bleak reign of fascist terror! In East Asia too, the Japanese captured Korea, Taiwan, Philippines, Singapore and most of China. England itself looked alone and miserable, under the constant German aerial bombardments and submarine attacks!
Reza Shah’s position of apparent neutrality combined with implicit collaboration with the Nazi’s, was initially sustainable; because Iran’s northern neighbour (Russia) also had a friendship treaty with Germany. Therefore, the beleaguered British who were based in both Iraq (English protectorate since 1918) and today’s Pakistan (then part of India), could only hope and try to appease Reza Shah, in order to avoid threats on their Khuzestan oil fields. But the treacherous surprise German attack on the Russians, in the summer of 1941, changed that entire balance!
All of a sudden, Iran was surrounded by anti-German forces on all sides; and the allies desperately needed to send aid and supplies to the beleaguered Russians, who were being mercilessly massacred by the advancing Nazi forces. Britain and Russia gave formal ultimatums to Reza Shah, requesting the expulsion of thousands of German advisors and personnel from Iran, and the opening of national railway for aid transport to Russia. When Reza Shah foolishly declined, the Allied forces easily occupied Iran from north and south; the army collapsed within two days; and Reza Pahlavi had to abdicate, relinquish most of his wealth and leave for exile.
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that is true
by Anonymousforever (not verified) on Fri Jan 09, 2009 03:48 PM PSTwhile as a whole we are a very proud and honorable people, we have glaring faults which DO blind us at times. shah was not the worse to happen to iran but certainly he screwed her. what the mullah's are doing however, is RAPE. big difference. iran needs to progress to even attempt to keep up with world opinion and economy. but i admit i don't know the answer to this problem.
Farrad02
by Kaveh Nouraee on Fri Jan 09, 2009 03:09 PM PSTWhile the subtitle may be offensive, it's necessary to see the whole picture, even the less appealing parts. One of the greatest shortcomings of our country and people is that we tend to focus only on the positive, while completely ignoring the many faults and flaws. It has prevented Iran from progressing from where it is stuck now to where it really could have been and still could be.
He did a lot for Iran....
by Ario Barzan (not verified) on Fri Jan 09, 2009 02:34 PM PSTA great man who did a lot for Iran. He would have been able to rid Iran of clerics, had it not been for the occurance of WW-II. Those who criticize him for his sense of iron-hand policies don't have a sense of that priod - WWII was burning most of Europe, Spain was in bloody civil war, and Chinese were massacering each other. He was a great man who loved and did a lot for his country. God bless his soul.
Axworthy
by Anonymousx (not verified) on Fri Jan 09, 2009 01:39 PM PSTThe original author of this article Axworthy is a British Foreign Service Officer. That says it all.
For a neutral evaluation of reza shah see works by Prof. Katouzian.
Without reza shah, there would not have been a unified iran that we know today. If we are from khuzestan, we would be speaking arabic, and if we were from any other place we would be dirt poor and uneducated in a balkanized piece of land like afghanistan.
//www.youtube.com/watch?v=ceiVQbwBAPw&feature...
Khamenei, an illiterate mullah who became God's rep. on earth
by Anonymous123 (not verified) on Fri Jan 09, 2009 01:18 PM PSTI say Reza Shah at least modernized Iran BIG TIME during his very short 15 years of reign and brought an extremely backward medieval looking country into the 20th century, what did mullahs do after 30 years with billions of dollars of oil revenue at their disposal?
I wish everybdoy could have access to the pictures of Iran taken by various photographers in the late 19th century and at the turn of the 20th Century. I don't know if they are available online!!!
You could not believe the depth of backwardness, poverty and misery back then.
The subtitle of this article is offensive
by farrad02 on Fri Jan 09, 2009 01:15 PM PSTThe subtitle of this article is offensive to all Iranians, in my opinion. Name one leader in the contemporary history of Iran who did more for Iran and her people?
Imperfect
by Anomouse (not verified) on Fri Jan 09, 2009 12:33 PM PSTReza shah was definitely imperfect but look at what he acomplished in only 16 years. Every modern institution in Iran (education, judiciary, armed forces, transportation, healthcare, etc.) was founded in those short 16 years. Also look at the international environment of the time before reducing him to an illiterate bully. Look who his contemporaries were in the Middle East and most of Europe and you'll see he actually compares fairly well.
Foolish SHAH!
by Maryam Hojjat on Fri Jan 09, 2009 11:46 AM PSTchanging name from Persia tyo Iran was very foolish too. I hope we go back to name PERSIA when our beloved country is freed from the hands of these persian speaking Arabs.
Thanks!
by Maryam Hojjat on Fri Jan 09, 2009 11:41 AM PSTfor this refreshment of history of our country.