IranianDNAadmin

Project Update (13/08/12)

Project Update (22/12/11)

It has been several months since the last update and, with that, several new sub-groups have developed within the Iranian DNA Project.

I am happy to announce the Gilaki, Bakhtiari, Turkmen, Zoroastrian Mobed and Armenian groups have been created and the Persian and Azeri ones have received a swell in memership.

For a detailed breakdown per ethno-lingustic/paternal-identifier group, please visit this link (login required) //dna-forums.org/index.php?/topic/12661-iranian-dna-project/page__pid__294806__st__20#entry294806. 

In the meantime, please find a pie chart demonstrating the diversity currently demonstrated by the Iranian DNA Project;

//i1084.photobucket.com/albums/j418/DMXX_DNA/...

As ever, I can be contacted on the email address provided.

Arash
- Iranian DNA Project admin 

Arash's Genetics 101 Guide

After receiving feedback from several users asking for a concise guide for genetic genealogy and its' application, I have done just that. Below is a step-by-step guide into the world of genetic genealogy.

I'd appreciate any feedback regarding this guide and would be more than happy to answer any questions the community has.

I sincerely hope readers find it of some use and the points covered here address any thoughts they might have had regarding the nature and purpose of genetic genealogy.

- 1. The Basics -

-What is genetic genealogy?

Genetic genealogy is the implementation of DNA testing into the study of one's recent family history (genealogy). However, the tests employed in genetic genealogy are based on the same principles as the form of DNA testing utilised by scientists researching human migration patterns. Thus, wider inferences can be made through such data, including the origins of a particular population or group bound by a common factor.

-What DNA is analysed in genetic genealogy?

The human genome is composed of 46 chromosomes; 44 of which are in pairs of 22 (non-sex chromosomes) with the last two, X and Y (sex chromosomes) completing the figure. Genetic genealogists usually have the following bits of genetic information tested;

Y-Chromosome (Y-DNA) - A sex chromosome, of which one is typically carried by a man (XY). Inherited directly from the father, who in turn inherits it from theirs, and so forth. The Y-Chromosome mutates at a fairly regular rate at different sites, allowing fine-scale tracking lines of descent to be deduced.

mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) - Genetic information found in the mitochondria, the "energy source" of most plant and animal species (eukaryotes). mtDNA is not considered a part of the human genome. Carried by both men and women, although inherited directly from the maternal side in both cases. This is because paternal mitochondrion, which fuels the male sperm at the stage of human conception, is attached to the tail and is "dropped" prior to the sperm's fertilisation of the female ovum. Therefore, female mitochondrial material is the only form found in the just-fertilised egg (zygote). Mutates at a slower rate than Y-DNA.

Y-DNA and mtDNA therefore form the basis of determining paternal and maternal lines of descent respectively, as both are inherited in almost-identical forms from each parent.

Other portions of the human genome that may serve the purposes of genetic genealogy;

X-Chromosome (X-DNA) - A sex chromosome, carried by both men (XY) and women (XX). Much like mtDNA and Y-DNA, X-DNA is also inherited directly from the parents. Unlike both, however, X-DNA is liable to recombination, a process where two similar chromosomes cross over at certain points. As men inherit their mother's X-DNA, testing of this would reveal the general ancestry of the mother's parents. Females, on the other hand, inherit one X-Chromosome each from their parents.

Autosomal DNA - The name given to the non-sex chromosomes (1-22). Autosomal DNA is inherited roughly equally from both parents in summation, although certain portions may be completely or mostly derived from one.   

-What is a Haplogroup (and other jargon)?

Nucleotide; the structural units of DNA (as well as RNA). Four building blocks exist in the human genome, which is built entirely from the following; Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G) and Thymine (T).

Gene; a stretch of DNA that is inherited in an organism.

Allele; one or more forms of a gene through the presence of different nucleotides.

Chromosome; a complex structure of genes bound by several protein and enzymes. 

SNP (Single-nucleotide polymorphism); site on a gene where a different allele may be found in the same species (i.e. T in a certain mouse gene location where others have an A). Has a basis in the analysis of all DNA forms. In Y-DNA analysis, SNP's are either positive (+) or negative (-) for a particular result. 

STR (Short tandem repeat); positions on a stretch of genome that produce "spikes" of genetic repetition. In genetic genealogy, this is commonly associated with Y-DNA testing. The more STR’s that are tested in Y-DNA, the more accurate the result will be.

DYS; Former, outdated term for STR.

Haplotype; a string of common STR values on the same points between individuals. 

Haplogroup; a genetic group that is defined by a haplotype and the same alleles at key SNP's. These are defined by a letter-number-letter-number etc. combination that gives information on the relative depth of a lineage (e.g. J > J2 > J2a > J2a4 > J2a4h). Used in both Y-DNA and mtDNA.

Clade - A single division in a haplogroup; nomenclature (naming order) is a single letter followed by a single number. For example, Y-DNA haplogroups R1 and R2 are both clades of R.

Subclade - Further divisions in a clade; nomenclature again follows a single letter-single number order, but the increasing length denotes the "depth" of the divisions. For instance, mtDNA haplogroup C4a1 is a subclade of C4, much the same way Y-DNA haplogroup Q1a3a is a subclade of Q1.

Backbone SNP test - An SNP test on a certain form of DNA (i.e. Y-DNA) that assures membership to a particular haplogroup.

CRS (Cambridge Reference Sequence); the complete sequencing of a European's mtDNA from the 70's that serves as the benchmark for all subsequent comparisons. The CRS sample belongs to mtDNA haplogroup H2a2a.

HVR (Hypervariable region); regions on mtDNA that are prone to mutations. Two panels are usually tested; HVR1 and 2.

Further terms can be looked up on FTDNA's Glossary (//www.familytreedna.com/glossary.aspx).

-How are the haplogroups arranged?

Both Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups are arranged in an evolutionary tree with younger branches toward the bottom. Population geneticists used this information to confirm the Out of Africa theory has a genetic basis, as all modern human Y-DNA and mtDNA can be ultimately traced to a common ancestor in Africa. The common Y-DNA founder of all humans is dubbed "Y-Chromosomal Adam" whilst the common mtDNA founder is "mitochondrial Eve". Please note the names are of symbolic value and do not represent or support any religious belief, as both progenitors lived tens of thousands of years before the present day. For more information on each tree branch and the associated markers, please refer to the Wikipedia entries for both;

Y-DNA (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DN...)

mtDNA (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_D...) 

-Can you provide us with real-life examples of Y-DNA or mtDNA in complete nomenclature?

Take for instance a sample that belongs to Y-DNA haplogroup G. As haplogroup G is defined by the SNP marker M201, this sample has to be positive (+) for it. Further testing of this sample shows they belong to the clade G1 as well, as they test +ve for the marker which defines G1, M342. Eager to tell if their sample belongs to any G1 subclade, the contributor tests for G1a (P20) and G1b (P76). Testing reveals their sample is -ve for P20 and +ve for P76, implying they belong to G1b. Shown in genealogist shorthand as the following;

G1b (M201+ M342+ P76+)

Mitochondrial data is also determined in a similar way, with certain mutations defining a certain haplogroup lineage. However, some of the mutations found on HVR1 or HVR2 panels do not help define a person's haplogroup. Instead, a fixed list of mutations associated with each haplogroup are cited with raw results. Please refer to the mtDNA Haplogroup Mutations page on FTDNA (//www.familytreedna.com/mtDNA-Haplogroup-Muta...). Detailed information on determining mtDNA haplogroups can also be found here (https://www.familytreedna.com/tr_mtDNAPlus.pdf).

-Does my DNA change per generation?

As discussed previously, certain DNA change whereas others only mutate at a slow enough rate to track inheritance patterns. Y-DNA, mtDNA and X-DNA (in men) are inherited mostly intact from an individual's parents. Y-DNA mutates at a faster rate than mtDNA and is more useful in ascertaining genealogical relationships. Autosomal DNA is inherited roughly equally from both parents but sporadic mutation events are likely to happen in a very small scale, though nowhere near enough to dissolute any kinship based through genetic testing.

- 2. FTDNA -

-What/Who is FTDNA?

Family Tree DNA (//www.familytreedna.com/) is the largest provider of genetic genealogy tools in the world. The founder, Mr. Greenspan, is a genetic genealogist himself. More information on the administration can be read here (//www.familytreedna.com/about.aspx). 

-Why should I order with them?

FTDNA has the largest database of genealogical results out of any company that offers fine-scale ancestral information. New participants (as well as absorbing the databases of former rivals, such as DNA Heritage) ensure that their numbers continue to grow, which obviously benefits customers, who have a higher chance of finding genealogically-relevant matches.

-How do FTDNA process my data?

Please refer to the relevant pages below which outline the ordering process;

Testing at FTDNA: Ordering a Test (//www.familytreedna.com/faq/answers.aspx?id=4)

Testing at FTDNA: Payment (//www.familytreedna.com/faq/answers.aspx?id=2)

Testing at FTDNA: After I Test (//www.familytreedna.com/faq/answers.aspx?id=1...)

-Should I be aware of any privacy concerns?

FTDNA does not share results whatsoever (//www.familytreedna.com/faq/answers.aspx?id=1...).

Participating in public projects may reveal personal names if the project administrator has allowed it. FTDNA recommends contacting a project administrator before joining if concerns over genealogically-relevant but personal data may be shared (//www.familytreedna.com/faq/answers.aspx?id=5).

-I see many projects listed on their page. How can I participate?

If you have received your results and wish to join a project, you can do so within seconds. Current FTDNA customers can join the Iranian DNA Project by the following;

- Signing into your FTDNA profile

- Selecting "Join Projects" on the left-hand panel

- Selecting "Y GEOGRAPHICAL PROJECTS" > I > Iranian DNA Project 

-Do sales, discount codes and other offers come around?

As catalogued on the Iranian DNA Project blog in Iranian.Com (//iranian.com/main/blog/iraniandnaadmin/i...), sales are periodically offered. Checking the FTDNA Products page (//www.familytreedna.com/products.aspx) periodically will reveal discounts. Joining through the Iranian DNA Project (//www.familytreedna.com/group-join.aspx?Group...) will also reduce order prices.

- 3. Iranian-related topics/Advanced -

-What exactly is ancient DNA?

Ancient DNA is any genetic material that can be recovered from archaeological sites. Hundreds of ancient DNA samples have been recovered throughout the world, as chronicled by Jean Manco's New Vistas on the Distant Past (//www.buildinghistory.org/distantpast/ancient...). 

It should be stated that ancient DNA is notoriously difficult to extract; worse still is the fact that Y-DNA degrades at a much faster rate than mitochondrial data. That is precisely the reason why most of the deep lineages on Ms. Manco’s collation are mtDNA.

-From the previous point; which Iranian group is the most "Aryan"?

This is a devisive topic that warrants mention, particularly as some genetic enthusiasts on other forums erroneously conflate particular Y-DNA or mtDNA with the "Aryans". 

Iran is a diverse country that had been ruled by Turkish dynasties for hundred of years; the Islamic conquest preceded this and Alexander the Great's Seleucid empire dominated the plateau for over a century. History alone confounds the idea of any group in Iran or its' periphery maintaining a static genetic picture to the present day. Independent open-source ancestry projects have revealed Iranians of all backgrounds have a level of genetic “distinctiveness” from one another. They also reveal that Iranians match each other (or at least other West Iranic speakers such as Kurds) far better than any other neighbouring population, which is a testament to shared Iranian ancestry. 

It is also worth mentioning that (most parts of) Iran and Kurdistan have at least twice the frequency of Y-DNA Haplogroup R1a1a than neighbouring regions. R1a1a has been connected with the Indo-European expansion for a decade, since Dr. Wells determined it to be the "diagnostic marker". This, together with the remarkable modern autosomal kinship between Kurds and Iranians, certainly implies a common body of descent that overrules the notion of the Iranian plateau adopting Iranic languages via elite dominance.

With that being said, the Iranian migrations are but a footnote in the plateau's history. The results returned thus far from Iran reveal an intricate picture of genetic diversity, which is in line with the region's crucial location between the Near-East, Central Asia, Europe and South Asia. The "Aryan" question, much like the enigma surrounding the lineages brought by the Oghuz Turks, remains a mystery. 

In summary, there does appear to be an extra-geographical connection between Kurds and Iranians, together with an autosomal link to Central Asia. However, the lack of detailed Y-DNA and mtDNA information from Iran has obscured the questions concerning the age of certain lineages, as well as the complete absence of ancient DNA from the Iranian plateau. 

-Does a Haplogroup prove my ancestors were a certain ethnicity/race?

Potentially, yes, but it'd only apply to your deep maternal or paternal ancestor.

Certain lineages are inexplicably correlated with a particular region or ethnicity (for instance Y-DNA haplogroup B and Africa). However, fine-scale testing with STR's and SNP's is required to investigate whether a particular sample is an ancient offshoot or derived from where we'd expect it to.

-How can I independently research my Y-DNA, mtDNA and X-DNA?

The following services can be employed once you have received your results;

YHRD (Search for Y-STR haplotypes/results) - //www.yhrd.org/ 

SMGF (Search for Y-STR haplotypes/results) - https://www.smgf.org 

ySearch (Search for Y-STR haplotypes/results) - //www.ysearch.org 

mitosearch (Search for mtDNA matches) - //www.mitosearch.org/ 

James Lick’s mtDNA utility (mtDNA classification) - //vps1.jameslick.com/dna/mthap/

Vadim Urasin’s YPredictor (Y-DNA prediction tool) - //predictor.ydna.ru/

-I'm an Iranian who's tested with FTDNA already and see European matches. What gives?

Unless an Iranian has known European ancestry, or partial ancestry from a region that is known to have contacts with Europeans, most matches with Europe would be prehistoric in nature. Iran and Turkey were home to the Neolithic revolution of the Near-East, where farming and civilisation came into provenance for the first time in human history. Subsequent migrations westwards into Europe thousands of years ago from Anatolia has invariably led to common matches between some lineages, such as R-M269 (formerly R1b1b2). Again, fine-scale comparisons with STR's and SNP's are required to assess the age of a connection. No two individual cases are the same!

-Which is better; FTDNA or 23andMe?

23andMe offers information on general ancestry (autosomal) and health traits, although FTDNA’s Family Finder also covers the same bases. 

For the purposes of genetic genealogy, FTDNA’s services are better equipped and more established for the task. Family Tree DNA offers you precise information on your Y-DNA and mtDNA through Y-STR’s (which can be used in the services listed in the Independent Research point), whereas 23andMe’s results for both are via SNP’s, which do not give further information on matching strength with others individuals.

-I've tested with the Genographic Project and want to participate in the FTDNA Iranian Project. How can I do this?

After you have Genographic Project results, you may join Family Tree DNA. To do so:

a) Login to the Genographic Project website. (https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genogra...)

b) At the bottom of your results page, look for the 'Learn More' link.

c) Click on it, and agree to the Family Tree DNA transfer.

d) During the transfer process, you can join a group project. Project membership includes a reduced rate for upgrades. Family Tree DNA will not need to collect your sample again. To join the Iranian DNA Project, follow the guidline listed in section 2. FTDNA above.

-What studies on Iranian Y-DNA do you consider to be the most comprehensive?

At least half a dozen nationwide papers concerning Iranian Y-DNA have been published since 2001. Older ones are disadvantaged by a limited number of SNP’s or STR’s, making fine-scale analysis impossible. Others (such as Wells et al.) suffered from ridiculously small sample sizes (although this did not stop Wells and his team from deducing the Indo-Iranian contribution to Iran was non-existent through R1a1a when subsequent papers proved otherwise). 

I consider the following two papers to be the benchmark for Y-DNA studies on Iran, as both utilised an appropriate number of STR’s/SNP’s, neither are hampered tremendously by under-sampling and both compliment the other’s geographical basis;

Regueiro et al. (//content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?...) -Reveals North-South genetic cline in Iran

Haber et al. (//www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v19/n3/abs/ejhg...) - Includes West and East Iranian data, check the supplementary

New Results (24/03/11)

Cluster-specific Y-DNA haplogroup breakdown

Assyrian

F3-P96
G1*-M342
G2a-P15
J1*-M267
T1-M320

Azeri

G*-M201
R2a-M124
R2a-M124

Arab

G-M201
G1*-M342
J1-M267
R1a1-M17

Judeo-Persian

R2a-M124

Luri

E1b1b1-M35
J2a4b-M67

Parsi/Tati (Transcaucasian Persian)

E1b1b1c1-M34

Persian

G-M201
G1a-P20
J2-M172 (x2)
J2a4a-M47
J2a4b-M67
J2a4d-M319
Q*-M242

Qajar

J1*-M267

Seyyed

J1c3d-L147

Tajik

R2*-M479

Talysh

G2a3b1-P303

Nation-wide Y-DNA haplogroup distribution (excluding Unassigned - Potential Iranian Ancestry group)

E1b1b1-M35 - 2.9% (1/35)
E1b1b1c1-M34 - 2.9% (1/35)
F3-P96 - 2.9% (1/35)
G*-M201 - 14.3% (5/35)
G1*-M342 - 5.7% (2/35)
G1a-P20 - 2.9% (1/35)
G2a-P15 - 2.9% (1/35)
G2a3b1-P303 - 2.9% (1/35)
H-M69 - 2.9% (1/35)
J1-M267 - 11.4% (4/35)
J1c3d-L147 - 2.9% (1/35)
J2-M172 - 8.6% (3/35)
J2a4a-M47 - 2.9% (1/35)
J2a4b-M67 - 5.7% (2/35)
J2a4d-M319 - 2.9% (1/35)
J2a4h2-M158 - 2.9% (1/35)
Q*-M242 - 2.9% (1/35)
R1a1-M17 - 2.9% (1/35)
R1b1b2a-L23 - 2.9% (1/35)
R2*-M479 - 2.9% (1/35)
R2a-M124 - 8.6% (3/35)
T1-M320 - 2.9% (1/35)

Note #1 - Results based on STR markers; FTDNA's predictions are entirely dependent on the number of DYS values tested
Note #2 - Further to the above, the corresponding SNP's follow ISOGG's 2010 index and are supplementary
Note #3 - Less than 50 users currently in the project, ruling out both qualitative and quantitative analysis

Global Results (20/02/11)

Current Y-DNA distribution in alphabetical order (excluding Unassigned group)

E1b1b1-M35  1/29 - 3.4%
E1b1b1c1-M34 1/29 - 3.4%
F3-P96 1/29 - 3.4%
G-M201 3/29 - 10.3%
G1-M285 2/29 - 6.9%
H-M69 1/29 - 3.4%
J1-M267 3/29 - 10.3%
J1c3-P58 1/29 - 3.4%
J2-M172 3/29 - 10.3%
J2a4a-M322 1/29 - 3.4%
J2a4b-M67 2/29 - 6.9%
J2a4d-M319 1/29 - 3.4%
J2a4h-L24 1/29 - 3.4%
Q*-M242 1/29 - 3.4%
R1a1-M17 1/29 - 3.4%
R1b1b2a-L23 1/29 - 3.4%
R2*-M479 1/29 - 3.4%
R2a-M124 3/29 - 10.3%
T-M70 1/29 - 3.4%

Note #1 - Results based on STR markers; FTDNA's predictions are entirely dependent on the number of DYS values tested
Note #2 - Further to the above, the corresponding SNP's follow ISOGG's 2010 index and are supplementary
Note #3 - Less than 50 users currently in the project, ruling out both qualitative and quantitative analysis 

It is impossible to accurately state the origins of these Iranian lines, particularly as several lineages (i.e. G1 and J2) cross ethno-linguistic lines and are thousands of years old. 

What is clear, however, is that Iran is home to some very unusual haplotypes and more results will define its' genetic landscape better.

Latest News (16/2/11)

Project Changes

Following conversations with participants, the practicality of revealing
mtDNA data for genealogical purposes was voiced, even without direct
analysis from myself.

As stated in earlier posts on another thread, I decided to exclude mtDNA
from the project when I inherited this project from the previous
administrator for a number of reasons. One of the reasons was out of
personal obligation to mtDNA; I anticipated my line of work would
not give me the time to investigate all the findings to an appropriate
degree.

The Iranian Y-DNA Project (now the Iranian DNA Project) is no longer
focused specifically on Y-DNA due to the above. Female users with
ancestry that trace back exclusively to Iran's territory are now invited
to participate. 

New Results

Currently expecting results for a person with paternal ancestry from the Republic of Azerbaijan, which was Iranian territory only 6-7 generations ago (Treaty of Turkmenchay).

Persian Sub-Group results

This will interest the genetic genealogists lurking this blog entry.

The project is now in a consolidation phase to address those Iranians with unknown ancestry and the Persian sub-group has seen the biggest growth as a result.

Perhaps surprisingly, the Persian group is made up almost entirely of Y-DNA J2. Subclade details are as follows;

-J2 (x2)
--J2a4a
--J2a4b
-Q*

As it stands, haplogroup J2 makes up 80% (4/5) of Persian lines. Even though the sample size is incredibly small, I was expecting greater haplogroup diversity. The sole Q* Iranian there is our very own Jahanshah Javid.

This will no doubt change as more samples arrive and members verify their ancestry. However, it does reveal the significance of haplogroup J2 in Iranian genetics - Particularly as it is also scattered across other ethnic groups.

The Project needs your support!

I receive absolutely no financial incentive for managing this project and only wish to provide Iranians with a stable platform to discover their genealogy/roots.

All Iranians can contribute to the project's success regardless of their interest in genetic genealogy. Those who wish to expore their deep ancestry are invited to take part.

Donations will go towards upgrading or purchasing kits with pertinence toward Iranian genetics through the following link;

//www.familytreedna.com/group-general-fund-co...

Contributions of any size are greatly appreciated and will facilitate the project's growth.

As ever, I can be contacted on dmxx [underscore] dna [at] hotmail [dot] co [dot] uk. 

Arash
- Iranian DNA Project admin

Project Update (6/2/11)

Fellow Iranians,

The Update

The Iranian Y-DNA Project has several new additions including two Assyrian Iranians, a Qajar descent and two Persian Iranians. The project is currently in a consolidation phase to address the Iranians who have omitted their paternal ancestry, which makes these additions an unexpected sign of progress.

How to Contribute

As the project is still young, getting tested and submitting your DNA is the most effective way for the project's goals to be fulfilled. Information on current test prices are shown in earlier posts.

Project donations can be made through the following URL. Donations will go towards upgrading kits with pertinence toward Iranian genetics and any sized contribution is greatly appreciated;

//www.familytreedna.com/public/Iranian%20Y-DN...

Prospective participants can contact me on the address listed through my profile here at Iranian.Com.

Arash
-Iranian Y-DNA Project admin

Christmas Discount!

FTDNA have informed the genetic genealogy world of some hefty discounts for the coming holidays;

https://www.familytreedna.com/products.aspx

If you order through the Iranian Y-DNA Project, the prices are slashed further;

//www.familytreedna.com/group-join.aspx?Group...

The reduction in prices is shown below:

Test => Original price => Christmas price => Christmas + Project discount

Y-DNA37 => $169.00 => $139.00 => $119.00
(save $50.00)
Y-DNA67 => $268.00 => $219.00 => $199.00 (save $69.00)

This is an excellent opportunity to discover your deep roots, find relatives and further the genealogy world's understanding of Iran's genetic diversity. 

As ever, I can be contacted at dmxx [underscore] dna [at] hotmail [dot] co [dot] uk.

Kit Discount!

Family Tree DNA offers discounts to customers who order DNA kits through a project.

Below are the reduced prices for each Y-DNA kit, together with the normal price in brackets;

Y-DNA12        $99.00 (Cannot ordinarily purchase)
Y-DNA25        $124.00 (Cannot ordinarily purchase)
Y-DNA37        $149.00 ($169.00, saving of $20)
Y-DNA67        $239.00 ($268.00, saving of $29)

The number signifying each kit type is the volume of Short Tandem Repeats (STR's) that are measured along the Y-Chromosome.

The number of STR's tested add to the clarity of the results. As the above prices show, ordering the Y-DNA37 kit through my project is most cost-effective and gives an approx. 13% price reduction.

If you'd prefer testing as cheaply as possible for the time being (Y-DNA12), you can easily upgrade your markers at any point, as Family Tree DNA retain your sample for another few years before it is destroyed.

As stated in my last post, please click the following link to Join the Iranian Y-DNA Project by placing an order;

//www.familytreedna.com/group-join.aspx?Group=Iranian-Y-DNA

Alternatively, those living in the Middle-East can order kits through EasternBiotech, a biotechnology firm based in the United Arab Emirates that endorses the Iranian Y-DNA Project. Visit this link to view their prices and additional details;

//www.easternbiotech.com/DNA_Ancestry_and_Fam...

Speaking from a genetic genealogist's point of view, Family Tree DNA is exemplary for two reasons;
- Boasts the largest DNA database with over 300,000 records from across the world
- Is involved in the Genographic Project headed by National Geographic and tests at the same prices or cheaper

As ever, the fine folks of IC can contact me for additional information.

A meaningful project. Hope

A meaningful project. Hope to participate soon.