In the mid twentieth century, US-Iran relations prospered. Many Americans celebrated Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as a model king. President Lyndon B. Johnson pronounced in 1964: "What is going on in Iran is about the best thing going on anywhere in the world".
During the 1970's Iran's Shah propelled Iran into becoming a dynamic middle-east regional power. The Shah implemented broad economic and social reforms, including enhanced rights for women, and religious and ethnic minorities. Economic and educational reforms were adopted, initiatives to cleanse politics of social upheaval were systematized, and the civil service system was reformed. When sectors of society rioted to demand even greater freedom, the Shah promised constitutional reform to favor democracy.
In the face of Soviet and fundamentalist Islamic pressures, constitutional reform remained on the back burner, as the Shah built what on paper was the world's fifth or sixth largest armed force. In 1976, it had an estimated 3,000 tanks, 890 helicopter gunships, over 200 advanced fighter aircraft, the largest fleet of hovercraft in any country and 9,000 anti-tank missiles.
The Shah used Iran's military might to address regional crises consistent with foreign relations goals of the United States. The Nixon and Ford administrations endorsed these efforts and allowed the Shah to acquire virtually unlimited quantities of any non-nuclear weapons in the American arsenal.
In accordance with the pleasant US-Iran relations then-existing, President Carter spent New Year's Eve in 1977 with the Shah and toasted Iran as "an island of stability in one of the more troubled areas of the world". Nonetheless, between 1975 and 1978, the Shah's popularity fell due to the Carter administration's misguided implementation of human rights policies. The election of Mr. Carter as president of the United States in 1976, with his vocal emphasis on the importance of human rights in international affairs, was a turning point in US-Iran relations.
The Shah of Iran was accused of torturing over 3000 prisoners. Under the banner of promoting human rights, Carter made excessive demands of the Shah, threatening to withhold military and social aid. Carter pressured the Shah to release "political prisoners", whose ranks included radical fundamentalists, communists and terrorists. Many of these individuals are now among the opponents we face in our "war on terrorism".
The Carter Administration insisted that the Shah disband military tribunals, demanding they be replaced by civil courts. The effect was to allow trials to serve as platforms for anti-government propaganda. Carter pressured Iran to permit "free assembly", which encouraged and fostered fundamentalist anti-government rallies. The British government and its MI6 intelligence agency also heightened the Shah's precariousness. The government-controlled BBC presented Iranians with a dossier of twenty hour newscasts detailing the location of all anti-Shah demonstrations and consistent interviews with the exiled outcast Ayatollah Khomeini, making a religious scholar few Iranians knew about into an overnight sensation.
When the Shah was unable to meet the Carter Administration and British demands, the Carter Administration ordered the Central Intelligence Agency to stop $4 million per year in funding to religious Mullahs who then became outspoken and vehement opponents of the Shah. Unfortunately, the Shah's efforts to defuse the volatile situation in Iran failed, despite the grant even of free and democratic elections. Confronted with lack of US support and unleashed Mullah fury, the Shah of Iran fled the country.
Subsequent to the Carter Administration's ill-conceived foreign policy initiative, Iran is now a dungeon. Ayatollah Khomeini's dictatorship executed the Shah's prisoners, predominantly communist militants, along with more than 20,000 pro-Western Iranians. Women were sent back into servitude. Citizens were arrested merely for owning satellite dishes that could tune to Western programs. American diplomats were taken hostage, and the Soviet Union invaded Iran's eastern neighbor Afghanistan as a result of this chaos, allowing it to secure greater influence in Iran and Pakistan.
The struggle against the Soviets in Afghanistan, and the defeat of this invading Superpower with help from the United States under President Reagan gave rise to the radicalization and emergence of Muslim zealots like Osama bin Laden. Moreover, within a year of the Shah's ouster, Iran on its western flank was locked into the Iran-Iraq War, in which the U.S. sided with secular Iraq and its military dictator Saddam Hussein.
In retrospect, the Iran-Iraq War would never have occurred had Jimmy Carter not weakened the Shah's regime. This conflict cost the two nations more than 500,000 lives, including thousands of Iranians killed by Saddam Hussein's use of chemical weapons. The Iran-Iraq war triggered the rise of Saddam Hussein as a major power whose invasion of Kuwait was repelled by Desert Storm. The United States refrained from deposing Saddam Hussein in a continuation of the Desert Storm operation out of concern that the resulting "power vacuum" would be filled by Iran's Ayatollahs.
Thus Jimmy Carter's misguided implementation of human rights policies not only indirectly led to overthrow of the Shah of Iran, but also paved the way for loss of more than 600,000 lives, Iran's rule by Ayatollahs, the Iran-Iraq War, Iraq's Invasion of Kuwait and Desert Storm, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the Taliban, Al Qaeda, Osama bin Laden, and the mass murder of Americans and destruction of the World Trade Center towers on September 11, 2001.
Slater Bakhtavar is president and founder of Republican Youth of
America, a frequent commentator and respected analyst on foreign policy
issues, and an attorney with a post-doctoral degree in International
law.
Person | About | Day |
---|---|---|
نسرین ستوده: زندانی روز | Dec 04 | |
Saeed Malekpour: Prisoner of the day | Lawyer says death sentence suspended | Dec 03 |
Majid Tavakoli: Prisoner of the day | Iterview with mother | Dec 02 |
احسان نراقی: جامعه شناس و نویسنده ۱۳۰۵-۱۳۹۱ | Dec 02 | |
Nasrin Sotoudeh: Prisoner of the day | 46 days on hunger strike | Dec 01 |
Nasrin Sotoudeh: Graffiti | In Barcelona | Nov 30 |
گوهر عشقی: مادر ستار بهشتی | Nov 30 | |
Abdollah Momeni: Prisoner of the day | Activist denied leave and family visits for 1.5 years | Nov 30 |
محمد کلالی: یکی از حمله کنندگان به سفارت ایران در برلین | Nov 29 | |
Habibollah Golparipour: Prisoner of the day | Kurdish Activist on Death Row | Nov 28 |
Misguided Rights
by almo5000 on Sat Sep 01, 2007 06:02 AM PDTWhat US did to iran by bringing the Shah to power in a CIA sponsored coup-de-Ta and removing nationalist Mosadegh was analog to raping a woman and then sending her to a prostitution house. While she is young and attractive, she make lots of money, and raper/pimp says "this is the best thing that could have happened to her...". With this analogy in mind, therefore the writer must have his head in his bottom to write the garbage that he did. He does not understand history of Iran, does not know what sort of damage has been done to Iran (and continuing to date), and why iranians as a nation are in a state of dispare as a result of that damage. Iran and Iranian are great nation with lots of potential. Like any other nation, IF it had its destiny in his own hands, it would florish and develop to its best. For someone like the writer to support the previous regime (shah's) and their masters (US government) that was the source of the ill for this great nation, he must be a moron or an outright idiot.
Idiots
by Puffali on Sat Sep 01, 2007 04:42 AM PDTYou are right. I am old enough to remember. Not old enough to claim I was a part of it. I was not even a teenager that year. But I vividly remember.You blame Carter for ousting the Shah. I blame the system in US. Not the man in power at the time. Remember Kennedy the hero? How about Bay of pigs and Vietnam?The revolution was a product of many things. A shift in that administration's foreign policy was certainly a factor. But to blame Carter for everything that happened since then is ludicrous.
Re: pufali
by jamshid on Sat Sep 01, 2007 04:31 AM PDTWhat a load of crap by you Puffali, an Ultra ignorant.
As you yourself said "some of us are old enough to remember...", like yours truely, I DO remember how idiots like yourself and the Islamists, with their leftist and Mosadeghi allies together with support from your foreign allies, Jimmy Carter, BBC and the silent but very active western oil cartel, how all of you banded together to deceive idiots like me and the Iranian masses into buying the revolution crap. Packaged a saint for us in form of Khomeini, and delivered it to us in the form IRI. And now "baadi too ghab ghab mindaazi va ba eftekhaar va por rooyi hanooz ham zer mizani"?
Yes, Puffali, we do remember....
Jamshid
Carter
by Puffali on Sat Sep 01, 2007 04:23 AM PDTI cannot believe you are making me defend Carter. That is the last thing I want to do.
We are not talking about IR here. So your claim about the left being silent on IR crimes is unfounded and not true.
Carter lost his presidency to a washed out actor with bad memory and a double digit IQ because of what happened in Iran. He was the first world leader who was burned by this fire.
Enough said about the irrelevancy of Slater’s topic.
jigsaw please go to the following link...
by Ghool on Fri Aug 31, 2007 06:17 PM PDTPlease watch this:
//www.youtube.com/watch?v=xR0YpU8im6g
Thanks
Slater, zionist???
by jigsaw on Fri Aug 31, 2007 05:55 PM PDTMr.puffali: I wish that Mr. Carter's motivations were really honest and he truly wanted human rights for Iranians. This was just a ploy to make leaways for mass protests and demonstration in an attempt to overthrow the Shah. And this is precisely why the Islamic Republic will not and cannot afford any leniency toward criticism and dissent at the present time as the society sinks into more inequality and the gap between the rich and the poor gets wider. The mullahs have learned their lesson well from that experience.
Carter's scheme worked like a charm and he's been satisfied with the performance of the mullahs so far and in fact, he advocates and endorses them whenever he gets a chance....
BTW, I don't hear a whisper from the left on the ongoing human rights violations of the Islamic Republic anywhere in the left-leaning blogsphere. When was the last time "the benevolent", Mr. Carter ever decried about the state of human rights in Iran?
Slater: This article you might find useful:
//www.iranianvoice.org/article774.html
Slater?
by jamshid on Fri Aug 31, 2007 04:54 PM PDTSo you believe in whatever Slater says?
How can basic human rights be misguided?
by Puffali on Fri Aug 31, 2007 04:07 PM PDTWhat a load of crap by an Ultra right wing Republican.
Now since Carter published his book and likened the
ZOG to apartheid he is the reason behind black plague!
How slimy! Your own words “His misguided
implementation of human rights”?! It was Shah who
botched the “Gates to the Great Civilization” and the
“White revolution”. According to your own gibberish he
had no way of implementing these changes. And you
can’t blame the guy for asking a ruler to play nice to
his people. Unless your underlying reason for this
train of thought is like your masters you believe that
Iranians do not deserve freedom.
He implemented nothing. Again according to your own
gibberish he asked Shah to disband military tribunals,
permit free assembly, and release the political
prisoners. What an asshole this guy was!!!
Some of us are old enough to remember. You may be
brainwashing the Republican youth but some of us
remember these things.
The regime is Israel is an apartheid regime. Get used
to hearing that you REPUBLICAN!
I used that like a four letter word to emphasize my
disgust.
This campaign to destroy Carter, to discredit his old
age wisdom by holding up past discretions is getting
nauseating. Ask the Grand Wizard in your neck of the
woods to assign you to another mud slinging campaign.
Disclaimer:
I am not defending Carter and his legacy here at all.
I just want to point out that this is a concerted
effort coming from the Zionists to discredit Carter in
the most vicious manner possible after he drew
parallels between the ZOG regime and the SA apartheid
in his book. Something that should be commended by
every free man. And our Slater here is one of the
people who have been given the ugly task of debunking
that claim.
Good article!
by jigsaw on Fri Aug 31, 2007 03:24 PM PDTThat was a good article. Thanks. At any rate, please read " A century of" war by William Engdhal. It's full of valuable info.
//www.amazon.com/Century-War-Anglo-American-Politics-World/dp/074532309X/ref=pd_bbs_2/002-2192368-6796800?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1188334804&sr=8-2
Hey Shotor Morghs, Listen....!?
by Abgousht on Fri Aug 31, 2007 02:22 PM PDTOne day some of you barking seals will discover that had it
not been for the Shah’s vision, kindness, proactiveness, and profound love and
affection for Iran,
many of you would be drinking from camel penis instead of water fountains while
using its dung as a source of heat and energy.
Let me remind you ignorant two-legged camel-chickens (Shootor
Morghs) what Reza Shah and his son Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi did for Iran:
and establishment birth certificate (BC) concept in 1920’s. Prior to that
era, you ancestors didn’t have BCs. In fact, many of your relatives names
used be tattooed on the behind the live stocks,
of trans-Iranian railroad system,
of the first university (Teheran) and many more,
of automobiles to a nation of Kharr Savar,
of electricity and electric generation sources such as dams to replace the
traditional way of generating energy (e.g., burning camel dung),
of running water for public consumption and irrigation. Prior to that,
people used to drink water out of AabbAMbar which contained, Lord knows,
all kinds of bacteria causing all kinds of sicknesses and diseases,
of the Air Force, Army, Navy, Gendarmerie, and yes SAVAK. Thank God for
the this last one that kept a lot of terrorists, subversives, and mullahs
lock up,
removal of women’s head cover, veil, Chadoor that Iranian had been subjected
to for the past 1400 years,
comprehensive effort to transform the hayvoon characters of inhabitants
into human character, in other words humanization of Iranians. Prior to
this effort, there was no difference between Kharrs, Olaghs, Goosfands,
and Iranians. Of course, this effort was reversed right after the 1979
Ann-Ghollab,
list of fundamental changes and contributions these two great men brought
and made require volumes of books to enumerate, describe, and ellaborate.
Still emotional topic
by baback on Fri Aug 31, 2007 02:13 PM PDTStill many blame Carter and BBC and the West for the Shah's downfall. Whatever basis in fact these claims have I have yet to hear why while the Shah who knew 5 years before his death of his illness, he nevertheless did not take any meaningful steps to secure a viable future for his dynasty by broadening his base of support. His "Rastakhiz" experiment actually backfired big time, and when the image of his omnipotence vaporized in 1978 he was abandoned by everyone, even those who had a good ride during the oil boom years. They were, dovetailing on the "suitecase monarch" epiteth for the Shah, suitecase parvenus.
Frankly, sometimes I
by Parham on Fri Aug 31, 2007 01:10 PM PDTFrankly, sometimes I understand why there ever was a revolution!
That's what Slater's article
by Parham on Fri Aug 31, 2007 01:09 PM PDTThat's what Slater's article implies, doesn't it? :-)
MUST WATCH VIDEO CLIPS OF THE SHAH
by jigsaw on Fri Aug 31, 2007 12:02 PM PDTTo be fair, he was deathly ill and perhaps on power medications and he couldn't think straight...or he was just a vindictive sob.
However, I think the real reasons the shah got sacked are here in these two video clips: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=06Hb1S2vD8E //www.youtube.com/watch?v=66-jkx36BPc&mode=re... I was not alive back then, but watching these video clips of him he doesn't strike me as someone who is subservient and will take orders from anybody.
Order...
by jamshid on Fri Aug 31, 2007 11:38 AM PDTThe Shah was getting orders from Carter eh? What a little mind you have Parham. You are so thoroughly brainwashed by your Mosadeghi gang that you are beyond enlightening.
Try asking these questions
by jigsaw on Fri Aug 31, 2007 09:57 AM PDTDo you ever ask why carter supported Khomeini or why Khomeini was given refuge in France and supported by the French? Is that why France practically owns the entire Iranian oil sector and it has made Iran a cash cow for herself, assembling stupid Khodros in Iran with French engines...giving the false appearance that Iran is an "automaker"?...Could you also question the arms dealing between Reagan, Khomeini and Israel? And while you're at it, why did Khomeini needlessly extended the Iran-Iraq war, killing hundreds of thousands Iranians and enriching those whom he claimed he hated?
//www.brusselsjournal.com/node/1857
//www.iranianvoice.org/article774.html
//www.amazon.com/Century-War-Anglo-American-Politics-Order/dp/074532309X/sr=1-1/qid=1162531522/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1/002-2583477-6665622?ie=UTF8&s=books
Also try to compare the pre-shah to shah and then post-shah's state of affairs and state of the world, if you don't have any agenda and want to be objective and fair and you want to be taken seriously. Do your own research and don't parrot mindelssly the propaganda you grew up with.
He was the suite-case monarch!
by farrad02 on Fri Aug 31, 2007 09:03 AM PDTI agree with your assessment of the SHah as a coward to run and sacrifice his generals and supporters and leave the country to be taken over in total uncertainty and finally end up being ruled by a fringe group of radical religious fanatics as it is today. The suit-case monarch (as the British called him) he remained to the end!
Shah was far from perfect and a part of history now!
by farrad02 on Fri Aug 31, 2007 08:58 AM PDTDear Slater,
You obviously didn't live in Iran during the Shah's rule but I did. Shah was far from the rosey picture that LBJ gives. ALthough LBJ should be the last person YOU would list as a reference for an intelligent discussion on Iran. 1) He was a classic tax & spend Democract and being quoted by you (a die-hard Republican) is odd! 2) Who told you LBJ was an expert on Iran affairs, to be quoted? Anyways, The Shah made many, many mistakes. Corruption was rampant (admitedly, not as bad as it is today). The flood of petro-dollars into Iran in the '70's overwhelmed his system and the whole country which couldn't absorb it all in a planned, orderly and proper fashion. Waste and misuse were apparent everywhere! Public works projects WERE a source of quick wealth for a whole generation of people in the Iranian middle class (which wasn't a bad thing but it was without planning and direction) while a close inner circle of elite families had hands on everything and made billions while the vast majority at the bottom watched it with disgust and build it all up inside (hint: lesson to current mullah rulers)
Shah did a lot of things he shouldn't have and didn't do some things that should have been done. Overall there was a police state and fearful state in the academic circles as it is today but to be honest, people lived freer, more worry free lives back then! However, the Shah DID prison and torture oppsition activists, although not as many as the mullahs do now! But there was nothing Jimmy Carter or anyone else could have done to save Shah from his eventual fall! He was the maker of his own destiny!
This discussion can go on and on. There are many books on it and nearly 90% of them disagree with your assessment of Shah and his era! So, I suggest you do some more research!
Finally, losing his reign to the backward mullahs proves he didn't have it all together! The rule of Shah and his mistakes and successes serve only as a lesson for the current rulers of Iran (and the region). In the meantime, America keeps repeating the same mistakes, hoping to produce different results!
Regards,
Farahad Radmehrian
So why doesn't anyone ask
by Parham on Fri Aug 31, 2007 04:17 AM PDTSo why doesn't anyone ask what the Shah was doing getting orders or even asking Carter what to do next??
Good article
by Kaveh Nouraee on Fri Aug 31, 2007 06:26 PM PDTSlater,
Well done. This point needs to be driven home more often.
You are more forgiving of Jimmy Carter than I am, though. As far as I am concerned, he is directly responsible for the 1979 revolution, and all of the events that followed, up to and including 9/11 and these recent events in the U.K.
As flawed as the Shah was, I honestly believe none of this terrorism would be happening today if Jimmy Carter hadn't lit the fuse to ignite the powder keg, just months after sucking up to the Shah in Tehran on New Years Eve. We also would probably be hearing about a lot of those high tech jobs being outsourced to Iran rather than India.
This is true
by Q on Thu Aug 30, 2007 11:39 PM PDTI already did the investigation. Please read and you will understand what really happened:
//iranian.com/Opinion/2004/August/QB/index.html
regards
your democracy is sucks Sir?
by hajiagha on Thu Aug 30, 2007 11:29 PM PDT11 years a go was US embassy awarded me as professional artist to move out from Iran and I did and I was apply for refugee in Canada after ten years and more living in Canada , and what I saw here , not about free crime and free drugs or gay married also I like to compaine about expensive cost of living so many homeless in Canada we have and almost there is no help or no housing for them I be one of them in first 2 years in Canada, or what about to pay so much pay TAX aor racism.....I like to tell to all American and Bush , if Bush replace the Islamic regime of Iran to The Shah or any others western government I promise I am going to be first one to against the the next regime any one going to open relationship with stupid west or country like Canada, you are don't have democracy or human right in your country, crazy society a student get in college and shot 32 others student or mass crime every days on news ....just you guys thinking to became rich , not human and most of the times on drunks .... all I saw here in negative from you are . sorry I be so honest to you
RE: Amir1973
by jamshid on Thu Aug 30, 2007 10:07 PM PDTAmir bacheh akhoonde bisavaad, Your Islamic revolution was funded by the western powers and implemented by their "Nokar" mullahs and their "baazicheh" like yourself.
The Shah served Iran but not wih his mouth, you guys on the other hand are serving Iran with your mouths only. In action you are raping your country.
Labor camps are waiting for you....
Good comment
by jamshid on Thu Aug 30, 2007 10:03 PM PDTYes, I agree, without the support of the US and Britain, no body would even know who khomeini is today.
I can't figure out how
by cyclicforward on Thu Aug 30, 2007 09:51 PM PDTI can't figure out how talking about Shah solves any problem. The fact of the matter is that Iran is being ruled by a fascist government and something needs to be done to free it from this pain. Whether Shah was a great man or a dictator is a mute point at this moment. We need to think about how to bring democracy to Iran.
God Bless the Shah
by Ghool on Thu Aug 30, 2007 06:14 PM PDTSlater:
Many of the responders to your letter are the people and the
sons and daughters of those who poured on the streets of the cities across Iran in November
of 1978 to see Khomeini’s image on the Moon as preplanned, preorchestrated, and broadcasted
on BBC. I know it because I am one of those idiots who happened to be there on
that night. Despite all the hardship Iranians have gone and the heavy price
they have paid over the past three decades, they still haven’t figured out what
actually happened to them. How stupid can a nation of 70 million be not to
figure out how it was raped and violated? Unfortunately, some nations fall several
standard deviations below the mean of the curve of maturity and civility! Iran happens to
be one of those nations! The late Shah of Iran tried very hard to transform a
nation “hayvoon” into a nation of “aadam.”
He used incentives and sometimes he resorted to a little bit of force. But, the
beast can not become a human, it’s not in its nature!?
God Bless the Shah
Gdo Bless the Shah
by Ghool on Thu Aug 30, 2007 06:13 PM PDTSlater:
Many of the responders to your letter are the people and the
sons and daughters of those who poured on the streets of the cities across Iran in November
of 1978 to see Khomeini’s image on the Moon as preplanned, preorchestrated, and broadcasted
on BBC. I know it because I am one of those idiots who happened to be there on
that night. Despite all the hardship Iranians have gone and the heavy price
they have paid over the past three decades, they still haven’t figured out what
actually happened to them. How stupid can a nation of 70 million be not to
figure out how it was raped and violated? Unfortunately, some nations fall several
standard deviations below the mean of the curve of maturity and civility! Iran happens to
be one of those nations! The late Shah of Iran tried very hard to transform a
nation “hayvoon” into a nation of “aadam.”
He used incentives and sometimes he resorted to a little bit of force. But, the
beast can not become a human, it’s not in its nature!?
God Bless the Shah
I agree
by programmer craig on Thu Aug 30, 2007 03:16 PM PDTThat was one of the most shameful episodes in US history. And we're still paying the price for it, today.
Everyone's entitled to their opinion but not the Facts
by jigsaw on Thu Aug 30, 2007 02:46 PM PDTThe Shah was an autocrat and a dictator. There is no disputing that. He was also in my opinion, a coward to leave the country and save his behind in a hurry, instead of standing up the what he knew was going to be the end of Iran at the hands of fascist barbarians. The bastard is having the last laugh...May he rot in hell.
BTW, SAVAK was never dismantled by the IRI, it's successor is SAVAMA and MOIS, more lethal and more brutal and more death, toruture and murder under their belt than SAVAK could ever dream of.
The mullahs' reign of terror--which moves forward unabated as we speak-- (tangible and untangible) dwarf anything the both Shah's did during their reign.
see 'A question of Numbers':
//www.emadbaghi.com/en/archives/000592.php
At any rate, I highly recommend everyone read the book, " A century of War" by William Engdhall to understand what happened prior to 1979. He is a left leaning author btw. Here are some excerpts:
//www.amazon.com/Century-War-Anglo-American-Politics-Order/dp/074532309X/sr=1-1/qid=1162531522/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1/002-2583477-6665622?ie=UTF8&s=books
"In November 1978, President Carter named the Bilderberg group's George Ball, another member of the Trilateral Commission, to head a special White House Iran task force under the National Security Council's Brzezinski. Ball recommended that Washington drop support for the Shah of Iran and support the fundamentalistic Islamic opposition of Ayatollah Khomeini. Robert Bowie from the CIA was one of the lead 'case officers' in the new CIA-led coup against the man their covert actions had placed into power 25 years earlier. Their scheme was based on a detailed study of the phenomenon of Islamic fundamentalism, as presented by British Islamic expert, Dr. Bernard Lewis, then on assignment at Princeton University in the United States.
Lewis's scheme, which was unveiled at the May 1979 Bilderberg meeting in Austria, endorsed the radical Muslim Brotherhood movement behind Khomeini, in order to promote balkanization of the entire Muslim Near East along tribal and religious lines. Lewis argued that the West should encourage autonomous groups such as the Kurds, Armenians, Lebanese Maronites, Ethiopian Copts, Azerbaijani Turks, and so forth. The chaos would spread in what he termed an 'Arc of Crisis,' which would spill over into Muslim regions of the Soviet Union.
The coup against the Shah, like that against Mossadegh in 1953, was run by British and American intelligence, with the bombastic American, Brzezinski, taking public 'credit' for getting rid of the 'corrupt' Shah, while the British characteristically remained safely in the background.
During 1978, negotiations were under way between the Shah's government and British Petroleum for renewal of the 25-year old extraction agreement. By October 1978, the talks had collapsed over a British 'offer' which demanded exclusive rights to Iran's future oil output, while refusing to guarantee purchase of the oil. With their dependence on British-controlled export apparently at an end, Iran appeared on the verge of independence in its oil sales policy for the first time since 1953, with eager prospective buyers in Germany, France, Japan and elsewhere.
In its lead editorial that September, Iran's Kayhan International stated: In retrospect, the 25-year partnership with the [British Petroleum] consortium and the 50-year relationship with British Petroleum which preceded it, have not been satisfactory ones for Iran … Looking to the future, NIOC [National Iranian Oil Company] should plan to handle all operations by itself. London was blackmailing and putting enormous economic pressure on the Shah's regime by refusing to buy Iranian oil production, taking only 3 million or so barrels daily of an agreed minimum of 5 million barrels per day.
This imposed dramatic revenue pressures on Iran, which provided the context in which religious discontent against the Shah could be fanned by trained agitators deployed by British and U.S. intelligence. In addition, strikes among oil workers at this critical juncture crippled Iranian oil production. As Iran's domestic economic troubles grew, American 'security' advisers to the Shah's Savak secret police implemented a policy of ever more brutal repression, in a manner calculated to maximize popular antipathy to the Shah.
At the same time, the Carter administration cynically began protesting abuses of 'human rights' under the Shah. British Petroleum reportedly began to organize capital flight out of Iran, through its strong influence in Iran's financial and banking community. The British Broadcasting Corporation's Persian-language broadcasts, with dozens of Persian-speaking BBC 'correspondents' sent into even the smallest village, drummed up hysteria against the Shah.
The BBC gave Ayatollah Khomeini a full propaganda platform inside Iran during this time. The British government-owned broadcasting organization refused to give the Shah's government an equal chance to reply. Repeated personal appeals from the Shah to the BBC yielded no result. Anglo-American intelligence was committed to toppling the Shah. The Shah fled in January, and by February 1979, Khomeini had been flown into Tehran to proclaim the establishment of his repressive theocratic state to replace the Shah's government. Reflecting on his downfall months later, shortly before his death, the Shah noted from exile, I did not know it then perhaps I did not want to know but it is clear to me now that the Americans wanted me out. Clearly this is what the human rights advocates in the State Department wanted What was I to make of the Administration's sudden decision to call former Under Secretary of State George Ball to the White House as an adviser on Iran? Ball was among those Americans who wanted to abandon me and ultimately my country.[1][1]
With the fall of the Shah and the coming to power of the fanatical Khomeini adherents in Iran, chaos was unleashed. By May 1979, the new Khomeini regime had singled out the country's nuclear power development plans and announced cancellation of the entire program for French and German nuclear reactor construction. Iran's oil exports to the world were suddenly cut off, some 3 million barrels per day. Curiously, Saudi Arabian production in the critical days of January 1979 was also cut by some 2 million barrels per day. To add to the pressures on world oil supply, British Petroleum declared force majeure and cancelled major contracts for oil supply. Prices on the Rotterdam spot market, heavily influenced by BP and Royal Cutch Shell as the largest oil traders, soared in early 1979 as a result.
The second oil shock of the 1970s was fully under way. Indications are that the actual planners of the Iranian Khomeini coup in London and within the senior ranks of the U.S. liberal establishment decided to keep President Carter largely ignorant of the policy and its ultimate objectives. The ensuing energy crisis in the United States was a major factor in bringing about Carter's defeat a year later. There was never a real shortage in the world supply of petroleum. Existing Saudi and Kuwaiti production capacities could at any time have met the 5-6 million barrels per day temporary shortfall, as a U.S. congressional investigation by the General Accounting Office months later confirmed. Unusually low reserve stocks of oil held by the Seven Sisters oil multinationals contributed to creating a devastating world oil price shock, with prices for crude oil soaring from a level of some $14 per barrel in 1978 towards the astronomical heights of $40 per barrel for some grades of crude on the spot market. Long gasoline lines across America contributed to a general sense of panic, and Carter energy secretary and former CIA director, James R. Schlesinger, did not help calm matters when he told Congress and the media in February 1979 that the Iranian oil shortfall was 'prospectively more serious' than the 1973 Arab oil embargo.[2][2]
The Carter administration's Trilateral Commission foreign policy further ensured that any European effort from Germany and France to develop more cooperative trade, economic and diplomatic relations with their Soviet neighbor, under the umbrella of détente and various Soviet-west European energy agreements, was also thrown into disarray. Carter's security adviser, Zbigniew Brzezinski, and secretary of state, Cyrus Vance, implemented their 'Arc of Crisis' policy, spreading the instability of the Iranian revolution throughout the perimeter around the Soviet Union. Throughout the Islamic perimeter from Pakistan to Iran, U.S. initiatives created instability or worse." --
William Engdahl, A Century of War: Anglo-American Oil Politics and the New World Order, © 1992, 2004. Pluto Press Ltd. Pages 171-174. [1][1]
In 1978, the Iranian Ettelaat published an article accusing Khomeini of being a British agent. The clerics organized violent demonstrations in response, which led to the flight of the Shah months later. See U.S. Library of Congress Country Studies, Iran. The Coming of the Revolution. December 1987. The role of BBC Persian broadcasts in the ousting of the Shah is detailed in Hossein Shahidi. 'BBC Persian Service 60 years on.' The Iranian. September 24, 2001.
The BBC was so much identified with Khomeini that it won the name 'Ayatollah BBC.' [2][2] Comptroller General of the United States. 'Iranian Oil Cutoff: Reduced Petroleum Supplies and Inadequate U.S. Government Response.' Report to Congress by General Accounting Office. 1979."
Dear "Slater",
by Q on Thu Aug 30, 2007 02:35 PM PDTYou can't have it both ways. Either you care about democracy and freedom, or you don't. If you're so critical of the Carter administration for not having intervened to save the Shah's ass (let's face it, that's what you're really saying), you can't wine and beg to Uncle Sam now aobut human rights and democracy in Iran today.
And begging is exactly what you're doing, every time you extend your hand asking for "support" for "the Iranian opposition."